Amazing work! Reminded me of LLM Visualization (https://bbycroft.net/llm) except this is a lot easier to wrap my head around and that I can actually run the training loops, which makes sense given the simplicity of the original microgpt.
To give a sense of what the loss value means, maybe you can add a small explainer section as a question and add this explanation from Karpathy’s blog:
> Over 1,000 steps the loss decreases from around 3.3 (random guessing among 27 tokens: −log(1/27)≈3.3) down to around 2.37.
to reiterate that the model is being trained to predict the next token out of 27 possible tokens and is now doing better than the baseline of random guess.
There used to be this page that showed the activations/residual stream from gpt-2 visualized as a black-white image. I remember it being neat how you could slowly see order forming from seemingly random activations as it progressed through the layers.
Can't find it now though (maybe the link rotted?), anyone happen to know what that was?
the untrained model is literally just generating random characters, whereas your examples are at least pronouncable. you can add more layers to get progressively better results.
Depends on the model size, batch size, input sequence length, ... etc. With a small model like this you'll never get a 'good' output but you can maximise its potential.
I trained 12,000 steps at 4 layers, and the output is kind of name-like, but it didn't reproduce any actual name from it's training data after 20 or so generations.
Minor nit: In familiarity, you gloss over the fact that it's character rather than token based which might be worth a shout out:
"Microgpt's larger cousins using building blocks called tokens representing one or more letters. That's hard to reason about, but essential for building sentences and conversations.
"So we'll just deal with spelling names using the English alphabet. That gives us 26 tokens, one for each letter."
hm. the way i see things, characters are the natural/obvious building blocks and tokenization is just an improvement on that. i do mention chatgpt et al. use tokens in the last q&a dropdown, though
Amazing work! Reminded me of LLM Visualization (https://bbycroft.net/llm) except this is a lot easier to wrap my head around and that I can actually run the training loops, which makes sense given the simplicity of the original microgpt.
To give a sense of what the loss value means, maybe you can add a small explainer section as a question and add this explanation from Karpathy’s blog:
> Over 1,000 steps the loss decreases from around 3.3 (random guessing among 27 tokens: −log(1/27)≈3.3) down to around 2.37.
to reiterate that the model is being trained to predict the next token out of 27 possible tokens and is now doing better than the baseline of random guess.
The linked inspiration has a good blog post of microgpt implemented in python.
https://karpathy.github.io/2026/02/12/microgpt/
It was submitted to hn a few days ago but only received a few comments. https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47000263
There used to be this page that showed the activations/residual stream from gpt-2 visualized as a black-white image. I remember it being neat how you could slowly see order forming from seemingly random activations as it progressed through the layers.
Can't find it now though (maybe the link rotted?), anyone happen to know what that was?
I was a little confused by "see, its much better" when the output is stuff like isovrak and kucey. What is it supposed to be generating?
the untrained model is literally just generating random characters, whereas your examples are at least pronouncable. you can add more layers to get progressively better results.
It's just hallucinating training data, the model is very small so it cannot be useful at all
I'd love to understand how LLMs work, but this site assumed a bit too much knowledge for me to get much from it. Looks cool though.
I think this blog post in particular might be helpful here https://sebastianraschka.com/blog/2023/self-attention-from-s...
This is the best content I’ve found to to learn how LLMs really work : https://youtu.be/7xTGNNLPyMI?si=Gk0u4suz8pv39tP4
About how many training steps are required to get good output?
Depends on the model size, batch size, input sequence length, ... etc. With a small model like this you'll never get a 'good' output but you can maximise its potential.
I trained 12,000 steps at 4 layers, and the output is kind of name-like, but it didn't reproduce any actual name from it's training data after 20 or so generations.
not many. diminishing returns start before 1000 and past that you should just add a second/third layer
Wtok and Wpos should be 26-dim along one of the axis but it shows a 16x16 matrix be default, fc1 instead 16x64 with the default settings (not 16x16).
good catch - i intentionally cap node visualizations at 16 so it doesn't get super long, but the sidebar shouldn't have that
Minor nit: In familiarity, you gloss over the fact that it's character rather than token based which might be worth a shout out:
"Microgpt's larger cousins using building blocks called tokens representing one or more letters. That's hard to reason about, but essential for building sentences and conversations.
"So we'll just deal with spelling names using the English alphabet. That gives us 26 tokens, one for each letter."
Using ascii characters is a simple form of tokenization with less compression
hm. the way i see things, characters are the natural/obvious building blocks and tokenization is just an improvement on that. i do mention chatgpt et al. use tokens in the last q&a dropdown, though
My Android phone was not a fan of this site, but on my desktop it works great! Cool stuff
I can't help but think there has to be a cheaper way to LLM.
It reminds me the anything+GPT era of 2022-2024
Really nicely presented, well done!
thank you for this
really well done
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