Visa and mastercard innovated in an era where payment settlement was notoriously difficult and expensive but they've used their monopolies to entrench themselves in (by negotiating deals with merchants and bribing consumers with points) while the rest of the world moves on towards "layer 2" payment systems that are much cheaper and efficient.
I've noticed recently indie (non-franchise) merchants being much more brazen about charging extra fees for accepting a credit card payment. This includes counters at my local farmer's market, two local cafes and a sushi restaurant, and my city's public electrical utility.
All of them are happy to receive cash or interac (Canadian debit infrastructure) or even e-transfers in some cases (Canadian venmo). But they'll say an extra $1-2 charge if you want to pay by credit card.
Maybe I'm just remembering badly, but I don't remember encountering this twenty years ago; back then the rules were clear that you either didn't accept credit payments, or you did and it was the same price as cash.
Because credit card companies mandated that you couldn't raise prices to pay their fees. Believe this was later outlawed in the US and perhaps elsewhere.
> Maybe I'm just remembering badly, but I don't remember encountering this twenty years ago; back then the rules were clear that you either didn't accept credit payments, or you did and it was the same price as cash
Small business owners ("indies") are notorious for getting hung up on fees and costs which do not matter, while ignoring important savings and revenue sources. That's why they haven't grown to be bigger.
A sensible business owner increases the base price a little to offset card fees instead of bothering customers with these details and losing sales.
The real thing consumers get is fraud protection, and the ability to charge back when merchants become intransigent. Let's not pretend other systems (even the ones prominent in the US like Zelle) offer the same protections.
In India there is UPI (Unified Payment Interface), which works with all bank accounts, it's facilitated by the Government and it comes with
i. QR Code (Used with strangers and at Merchants)
ii. UPI ID
iii.And links to phone number.
Anyone can pay to anyone instantly free of Charge. Only limit is it's limited to ~ $1000 payment. The QR code can also be dynamically created by POS terminals containing the total bill amount as well, so upon scanning the amount is auto populated in the payment app, you just have to enter the security pin.
And since it's a Govt. Project, its not limited to just one app, there are lots and lots of apps working on the same system. There is even a VISA/Mastercard credit alternative : RuPay that works within the system.
I am Indian and I think what you are saying is correct. It opens up the banking app or in our case UPI providers app so like Google pay, Phonepe,paytm, Bhim UPI and other such apps.
In russia there is СБП (translated as FPS = "fast payment system") using the same mechanism, also free for individuals and relatively cheap for businesses
This article is missing some important aspects/context:
> If the card processing cost is 4 percent of the sale price, the fee amounts to $6. That $6 is not 4 percent of the profit; it is 12 percent of the merchant’s margin.
Sure, but merchants are raising prices overall together with all their competitors, or charging more when using a card. Credit cards aren't taking away 12% of merchants' profits that they'd keep otherwise.
Also, credit card fees are not 4%, they're 1.5-3.5% with an average of around 2.3%.
> The merchant may pay little or nothing per transaction, the funds usually arrive immediately and no physical terminal is required.
But what's missing here is fraud protection. It's more like debit cards than credit cards, and debit card transactions are much cheaper in the US too (more like 0.7%).
Now that it's increasingly common for local merchants to implement a credit card surcharge (so non-CC users don't have to pay more), and a large percentage of credit card fees come straight back to the user as rewards (e.g. a 2% cash reward), it's not really clear that payment fees matter all that much in the end. See:
> “Also, credit card fees are not 4%, they're 1.5-3.5% with an average of around 2.3%.”
And they’re much lower than that in the UK and EU. Even the smallest UK retailers can pay as low as 1.6% or 0.8% + £0.02. The big guys who are running billions of £ are paying 0.5% or less.
(These apply to in-person transactions, accepting cards on the internet typically costs more).
Wechat pay in China is interesting. It costs nothing to add money to your balance from your bank, or to pay someone from your balance. It only costs the end merchant who wants to withdraw it from their balance back into their bank. If they can keep it in Wechat pay and spend it on other things (which is very easy as it and Alipay are the primary payment methods for everything), then there's no charge.
I guess Tencent are making their profit from the interest they earn on the money that was transferred into them that just stays in people's Wechat wallets in effectively a parallel currency.
> Revolut works similarly. You don’t pay any fees on transfers to other Revolut accounts, but you do for other bank accounts.
Does it? I'd be surprised if it does in the UK at least, as all banks do free transfers to every other bank in the UK via Faster Payments. I thought it was the same in the EU?
Payment processing networks are not free to build or operate. There are necessarily fraud controls and transaction reversals that require human oversight. This all costs. Nations can and should build this infrastructure, but in the absence, a payment processor is going to charge interchange. Otherwise why would they bother.
Uninvolved companies wouldn’t bother, but outlaw such fees and lenders would still build this kind of infrastructure so they could make money charging people interest.
There is already the EPC QR code, which contains all the data required to initiate a SEPA credit transfer. This code is supported by practically all banking apps (at least in Germany). The standard is public and free (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPC_QR_code)
The merchant's system displays this code, you open your online banking app, scan the code, select "SEPA INST" (here's the usability catch!) to make the payment instantaneous, and confirm. Within 10 seconds, the money is transferred to the merchant's account.
Either the merchant's bank or a third-party Open Banking API immediately informs the merchant's system (e.g. by push notification or webhook), and a receipt is issued.
Everything is already here, but since this system would be virtually free to use, nobody really has an incentive to push it. It costs money to educate the public, and there is no money to be made. Instead, everyone gets paid handsomely by the card mafia.
In general I'm all for free and European systems, but SEPA payments imo still have pain points:
- you can send money to companies and individuals alike. It's easier to trick people into fake shop payments, a card payment provider requires at least a bit it verification/registration
- it's really hard to dispute/call back sepa payments. The card companies often step in there afaik
> The important thing is not what merchants want, but what customers want.
What many people in Germany want is a payment system that is as anonymous and is as hard to control by some untrusted entitity (both government and banks are very distrusted) as possible and what cash offers. That's basically cash.
Not without reason, in Germany there exists the well-known phrase "Bargeld ist gelebte Freiheit" ("cash is lived freedom").
Agreed. Customers are benefitted either by paying in cash - for the reasons you described - or by paying with cards, for fraud protection and the ability to make purchases online.
Any other payment method will not give customers any benefits over those methods. Unless banks are willing to take responsibility for fraud like with card purchases.
It's time for Europe to process the own money. Strange that the dominance of Visa/Mastercard/Maestro was left for so long. Of course there is a lobby from them to attack the digital Euro
Shameless self-promo: We've been working for the last two years on making money movement free. We use ethereum (and stablecoins) for that, and integrate with the novel real time payment networks like PIX, Wechat, Yape, Mercadopago and so on.
We're still orders of magnitude smaller than Visa and Mastercard, but I do believe products like ours (and competition is red hot here, theres so much good choice!) will be good for consumers.
Money should be like a message: free and instant
We're open source btw, happy to show off codebase and review PRs
What I want is being able to pay stablecoin from my side and be able to esentially get a virtual card of payment.
The only way which has worked for me was actually using g2a with their crypto provider to get a 10$ gift card of rewarble and activate it.
Does your app allow something like this? can I convert any crypto to payment provider which can be accepted from the other side or am I reading it wrong because you do mention PIX, if it can work with PIX, does it work with VISA/Mastercard cards too?
It's weird how this works. Saw something similar when working for a bus company. After reaching a minimum amount of sales for a bus route, everything after that is basically pure profit. However, how do we get those last sales? Well, by bidding higher on people searching for transfer between those two cities. Let's say the ticket was $20. We could end up for instance accepting to bid $10 for an ad that would lead to a sale. So for every $10 of pure profit we then got, Google also got $10. In a sense it was a good deal for both parties, but it's also kinda insane that in the end, Google made as much profit on our busses as we did.
You might be surprised to hear that my small business sometimes sees fees at 11%.
We blocked that card processor, obviously. But the % is very much not constant across e.g. Visa, often every purchase in a day is slightly different, and we can't even tell people what the rate is for their purchase due to a couple layers in between (still figuring out if we can fix that). It's vile, and probably should be illegal to not pass through the cost visibly.
Stripe is 2.9%+30¢ right, and that’s the advertised rate. So I assume any business seeing averages higher than that can be avoided by using a platform like Stripe.
Small merchants are people, and people vary in their intelligence/savvyness and may have other issues like poor credit or high chargebacks that they usually forget to mention. Some people roll the cost of the terminal into a higher fee as well.
I helped out a friend who owns a deli when he took over from his parents. His dad saw cash as a way to avoid taxation and had some awful payment processor where they paid a high fee and was renting a POTS based terminal - $60/mo to Verizon and $30/mo for the terminal.
Now he keeps one set of books, and raised his average sale by about 10%. Their catering business, which drives profits, are up significantly with online ordering through the POS.
Ditto with a non-profit I was on the board of. Pushing Venmo and Square for donations increased donations by like 30% and reduced shrink at fundraisers. Anyone who claims they can’t afford a 3% fee is going out of business anyway.
The Stripe rate is a careful blend. There are many cards that are cheaper to process and there's probably a few that are more expensive to process at that rate, it works out in the wash in favor of Stripe. Also, that 30 cents is a large percentage if you're looking at a $5 transaction, for example (6%!)
If you could identify where fees get decoupled from profit in finance, I’d be open to the position that they aren’t related but you didn’t share anything along those lines. Considering the costs like cash-back programs that would erode the profitability of those fees are largely in the banks control, I don’t think that is a strong position.
Do people who pay ridiculous interest qualify for 2% cards? Honest question; I don't carry a balance so have no idea what is advertised at other types of consumers.
I was just under the impression that the cards with the best benefits were somewhat harder to get. I do understand that credit card companies make money on interest and late fees, so they should find consumers to be attractive so long as they ultimately pay the bill/interest.
I guess the question is whether they can distinguish between people who are going to carry a balance but ultimately pay and people who are a true default/bankruptcy risk.
In Argentina we can transfer using our account number (or account Alias, for example my alias could be kwanbix) directly, account to account, instantly, it costs 0.
One factor that the author glosses over a bit is that highest swipe fees are for credit cards with benefits. The interbank system he describes is a debit system, no credit is being extended. Even in the US, debit swipe fees tend to be less.
Let's just call it for what it is.
Visa and mastercard innovated in an era where payment settlement was notoriously difficult and expensive but they've used their monopolies to entrench themselves in (by negotiating deals with merchants and bribing consumers with points) while the rest of the world moves on towards "layer 2" payment systems that are much cheaper and efficient.
I've noticed recently indie (non-franchise) merchants being much more brazen about charging extra fees for accepting a credit card payment. This includes counters at my local farmer's market, two local cafes and a sushi restaurant, and my city's public electrical utility.
All of them are happy to receive cash or interac (Canadian debit infrastructure) or even e-transfers in some cases (Canadian venmo). But they'll say an extra $1-2 charge if you want to pay by credit card.
Maybe I'm just remembering badly, but I don't remember encountering this twenty years ago; back then the rules were clear that you either didn't accept credit payments, or you did and it was the same price as cash.
Because credit card companies mandated that you couldn't raise prices to pay their fees. Believe this was later outlawed in the US and perhaps elsewhere.
> Maybe I'm just remembering badly, but I don't remember encountering this twenty years ago; back then the rules were clear that you either didn't accept credit payments, or you did and it was the same price as cash
My memory is in accordance with yours
Small business owners ("indies") are notorious for getting hung up on fees and costs which do not matter, while ignoring important savings and revenue sources. That's why they haven't grown to be bigger.
A sensible business owner increases the base price a little to offset card fees instead of bothering customers with these details and losing sales.
The real thing consumers get is fraud protection, and the ability to charge back when merchants become intransigent. Let's not pretend other systems (even the ones prominent in the US like Zelle) offer the same protections.
In India there is UPI (Unified Payment Interface), which works with all bank accounts, it's facilitated by the Government and it comes with i. QR Code (Used with strangers and at Merchants) ii. UPI ID iii.And links to phone number.
Anyone can pay to anyone instantly free of Charge. Only limit is it's limited to ~ $1000 payment. The QR code can also be dynamically created by POS terminals containing the total bill amount as well, so upon scanning the amount is auto populated in the payment app, you just have to enter the security pin.
And since it's a Govt. Project, its not limited to just one app, there are lots and lots of apps working on the same system. There is even a VISA/Mastercard credit alternative : RuPay that works within the system.
Its limited to about $1000 a day.
The QR is a URI with the ID, amount and maybe other stuff. It's a client-side implementation.
RuPay sure "works within the system" but is pretty much useless for international payments/subscriptions. Not really a VISA/MasterCard replacement.
So people scan a QR code, and then enter a secure banking pin? this sounds like a security problem waiting to happen...
The QR code doesn't open a link. It's just "gibberish" text only usable by app that can understand it (e.g. banking apps).
(I don't know anything about UPI, but in Indonesia we use a similar system)
Its not gibberish text.
Its just a URI.
You can add things like &am= to prefill the amount. Merchant txns have reference IDs and all that stuff.I am Indian and I think what you are saying is correct. It opens up the banking app or in our case UPI providers app so like Google pay, Phonepe,paytm, Bhim UPI and other such apps.
In russia there is СБП (translated as FPS = "fast payment system") using the same mechanism, also free for individuals and relatively cheap for businesses
This article is missing some important aspects/context:
> If the card processing cost is 4 percent of the sale price, the fee amounts to $6. That $6 is not 4 percent of the profit; it is 12 percent of the merchant’s margin.
Sure, but merchants are raising prices overall together with all their competitors, or charging more when using a card. Credit cards aren't taking away 12% of merchants' profits that they'd keep otherwise.
Also, credit card fees are not 4%, they're 1.5-3.5% with an average of around 2.3%.
> The merchant may pay little or nothing per transaction, the funds usually arrive immediately and no physical terminal is required.
But what's missing here is fraud protection. It's more like debit cards than credit cards, and debit card transactions are much cheaper in the US too (more like 0.7%).
Now that it's increasingly common for local merchants to implement a credit card surcharge (so non-CC users don't have to pay more), and a large percentage of credit card fees come straight back to the user as rewards (e.g. a 2% cash reward), it's not really clear that payment fees matter all that much in the end. See:
Fed Data Shows Economics of Interchange: 86% of Fees Fund Rewards Programs: https://www.pymnts.com/news/loyalty-and-rewards-news/2025/fe...
> “Also, credit card fees are not 4%, they're 1.5-3.5% with an average of around 2.3%.”
And they’re much lower than that in the UK and EU. Even the smallest UK retailers can pay as low as 1.6% or 0.8% + £0.02. The big guys who are running billions of £ are paying 0.5% or less.
(These apply to in-person transactions, accepting cards on the internet typically costs more).
Wechat pay in China is interesting. It costs nothing to add money to your balance from your bank, or to pay someone from your balance. It only costs the end merchant who wants to withdraw it from their balance back into their bank. If they can keep it in Wechat pay and spend it on other things (which is very easy as it and Alipay are the primary payment methods for everything), then there's no charge.
I guess Tencent are making their profit from the interest they earn on the money that was transferred into them that just stays in people's Wechat wallets in effectively a parallel currency.
Well, that definitely creates a powerful pull from customers to make vendors accept Wechatpay for transactions.
And no doubt they’ll find a way to spend it in the app considering you can manage almost all aspects of your life within it.
Revolut works similarly. You don’t pay any fees on transfers to other Revolut accounts, but you do for other bank accounts.
> Revolut works similarly. You don’t pay any fees on transfers to other Revolut accounts, but you do for other bank accounts.
Does it? I'd be surprised if it does in the UK at least, as all banks do free transfers to every other bank in the UK via Faster Payments. I thought it was the same in the EU?
Payment processing networks are not free to build or operate. There are necessarily fraud controls and transaction reversals that require human oversight. This all costs. Nations can and should build this infrastructure, but in the absence, a payment processor is going to charge interchange. Otherwise why would they bother.
Uninvolved companies wouldn’t bother, but outlaw such fees and lenders would still build this kind of infrastructure so they could make money charging people interest.
In the EU, we now have instant, free SEPA bank transfers.
I know that the banks are trying to build a payment solution on top of this technology but it's not really getting traction.
I am wondering if there is a way to bootstrap something bottom-up by offering something to merchants that has a clear value prop.
There is already the EPC QR code, which contains all the data required to initiate a SEPA credit transfer. This code is supported by practically all banking apps (at least in Germany). The standard is public and free (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPC_QR_code)
The merchant's system displays this code, you open your online banking app, scan the code, select "SEPA INST" (here's the usability catch!) to make the payment instantaneous, and confirm. Within 10 seconds, the money is transferred to the merchant's account. Either the merchant's bank or a third-party Open Banking API immediately informs the merchant's system (e.g. by push notification or webhook), and a receipt is issued.
Everything is already here, but since this system would be virtually free to use, nobody really has an incentive to push it. It costs money to educate the public, and there is no money to be made. Instead, everyone gets paid handsomely by the card mafia.
In general I'm all for free and European systems, but SEPA payments imo still have pain points:
- you can send money to companies and individuals alike. It's easier to trick people into fake shop payments, a card payment provider requires at least a bit it verification/registration
- it's really hard to dispute/call back sepa payments. The card companies often step in there afaik
Yea, but I think that there is still a business model, if only in consulting or building software solutions to make this easier.
There is always opportunity in FinTech.
How did Venmo and Cash app get any traction? After all, we already had PayPal. There was already a way to transfer money to your friends.
How did Robinhood get any traction? We already had Etrade and other online brokers.
Usually by giving away free money to reach critical mass.
Probably not worth it, given that the EU caps the credit card fees at 0.3%, 0.2% for debit cards.
You're putting the cart in front of the mule. The important thing is not what merchants want, but what customers want.
> The important thing is not what merchants want, but what customers want.
What many people in Germany want is a payment system that is as anonymous and is as hard to control by some untrusted entitity (both government and banks are very distrusted) as possible and what cash offers. That's basically cash.
Not without reason, in Germany there exists the well-known phrase "Bargeld ist gelebte Freiheit" ("cash is lived freedom").
Agreed. Customers are benefitted either by paying in cash - for the reasons you described - or by paying with cards, for fraud protection and the ability to make purchases online.
Any other payment method will not give customers any benefits over those methods. Unless banks are willing to take responsibility for fraud like with card purchases.
It's time for Europe to process the own money. Strange that the dominance of Visa/Mastercard/Maestro was left for so long. Of course there is a lobby from them to attack the digital Euro
Shameless self-promo: We've been working for the last two years on making money movement free. We use ethereum (and stablecoins) for that, and integrate with the novel real time payment networks like PIX, Wechat, Yape, Mercadopago and so on.
We're still orders of magnitude smaller than Visa and Mastercard, but I do believe products like ours (and competition is red hot here, theres so much good choice!) will be good for consumers.
Money should be like a message: free and instant
We're open source btw, happy to show off codebase and review PRs
https://github.com/peanutprotocol/peanut-ui
https://peanut.me/
What I want is being able to pay stablecoin from my side and be able to esentially get a virtual card of payment.
The only way which has worked for me was actually using g2a with their crypto provider to get a 10$ gift card of rewarble and activate it.
Does your app allow something like this? can I convert any crypto to payment provider which can be accepted from the other side or am I reading it wrong because you do mention PIX, if it can work with PIX, does it work with VISA/Mastercard cards too?
If a restaurant runs on a 9% net margin and pays around 3% in card fees, then roughly one-third of its net profit is going toward payment processing.
It's weird how this works. Saw something similar when working for a bus company. After reaching a minimum amount of sales for a bus route, everything after that is basically pure profit. However, how do we get those last sales? Well, by bidding higher on people searching for transfer between those two cities. Let's say the ticket was $20. We could end up for instance accepting to bid $10 for an ad that would lead to a sale. So for every $10 of pure profit we then got, Google also got $10. In a sense it was a good deal for both parties, but it's also kinda insane that in the end, Google made as much profit on our busses as we did.
If they're running on 9% net margin, then card fees are pretty down on the list of problems. They're vulnerable to any kind of fluctuation.
4% seems high. Quick googling in the US (which has high rates) shows 1.5-3.5%, avg of 2%
You might be surprised to hear that my small business sometimes sees fees at 11%.
We blocked that card processor, obviously. But the % is very much not constant across e.g. Visa, often every purchase in a day is slightly different, and we can't even tell people what the rate is for their purchase due to a couple layers in between (still figuring out if we can fix that). It's vile, and probably should be illegal to not pass through the cost visibly.
Stripe is 2.9%+30¢ right, and that’s the advertised rate. So I assume any business seeing averages higher than that can be avoided by using a platform like Stripe.
Small merchants are people, and people vary in their intelligence/savvyness and may have other issues like poor credit or high chargebacks that they usually forget to mention. Some people roll the cost of the terminal into a higher fee as well.
I helped out a friend who owns a deli when he took over from his parents. His dad saw cash as a way to avoid taxation and had some awful payment processor where they paid a high fee and was renting a POTS based terminal - $60/mo to Verizon and $30/mo for the terminal.
Now he keeps one set of books, and raised his average sale by about 10%. Their catering business, which drives profits, are up significantly with online ordering through the POS.
Ditto with a non-profit I was on the board of. Pushing Venmo and Square for donations increased donations by like 30% and reduced shrink at fundraisers. Anyone who claims they can’t afford a 3% fee is going out of business anyway.
The Stripe rate is a careful blend. There are many cards that are cheaper to process and there's probably a few that are more expensive to process at that rate, it works out in the wash in favor of Stripe. Also, that 30 cents is a large percentage if you're looking at a $5 transaction, for example (6%!)
See the "raw" rates here: https://www.mastercard.com/content/dam/mccom/us/business/doc...
Why not just pay Stripe/Adyen/Braintree to smear the fees to 2.9% + $0.30?
There are a few cards that offer 2% cash back with no annual fee. No chance their fee is 1.5-2%
Cards don't make money from their fees. They make money from people who fail to pay and then pay the ridiculous interest.
Interchange fees seem to be a sizable portion of revenue. Discover has listed them as 29% of revenue, BoA at ~$10B annually…
Revenue does not equal profit
If you could identify where fees get decoupled from profit in finance, I’d be open to the position that they aren’t related but you didn’t share anything along those lines. Considering the costs like cash-back programs that would erode the profitability of those fees are largely in the banks control, I don’t think that is a strong position.
Do people who pay ridiculous interest qualify for 2% cards? Honest question; I don't carry a balance so have no idea what is advertised at other types of consumers.
Why not? I'd gladly pay you 2% of $1,000 if you pay me 21%
I was just under the impression that the cards with the best benefits were somewhat harder to get. I do understand that credit card companies make money on interest and late fees, so they should find consumers to be attractive so long as they ultimately pay the bill/interest.
I guess the question is whether they can distinguish between people who are going to carry a balance but ultimately pay and people who are a true default/bankruptcy risk.
In Argentina we can transfer using our account number (or account Alias, for example my alias could be kwanbix) directly, account to account, instantly, it costs 0.
One factor that the author glosses over a bit is that highest swipe fees are for credit cards with benefits. The interbank system he describes is a debit system, no credit is being extended. Even in the US, debit swipe fees tend to be less.
Why not FedNow?