I have anecdotal experience here, but I've found more success when solving the task first, and then returning it as JSON in a separate LLM call[0].
Running a single non-reasoning LLM call from source data (text/image/audio in your diagram) to structured JSON seems fragile with the current state of LLMs.
You're essentially asking the model to do two tasks in one pass: parse the input and then format the output. It's amazing it works a lot of the time, but reasonable to assume it won't all of the time.
(As a human, when I'm filling out a complex form, I'll often jump around the document)
Curious how the benchmarks change when you add an intermediary representation, either via reasoning or an additional LLM call. I'd also love to see a comparison with BAML[1].
[0]In my experience we were using structured outputs as part of an agentic state machine, where the JSON contained code snippets (html/js/py/etc.). In the cases where we first prompted the model for the code, and then wrapped it in JSON, we saw much higher quality/success than asking for JSON straightaway.
Yeah we selected models that are most commonly integrated in developer workflows and being used for structured output. Typically those models tend to be in the low -mid cost range and with no or low reasoning.
For the benchmark, was kept consistent across all models and typically opus and 3.1 pro would be overkill and expensive even with reasoning off.
Good point tho, will add this point in the blog too :)
Also the benchmark is open source, so anyone can run a model on it and create a PR too, the leaderboard is dynamic and will automatically add that in.
The value of such a benchmark, to me, would be, "what is peak performance", not just "what is mid-tier performance". Also, possibly, "what's the per-dollar performance". Time and money permitting, I'd really want to see your benchmark extended to the large reasoning models.
If you want to avoid using Opus 4.7 them why GPT-5.4 (unless with a disclaimer that it is low reasoning setting, or check that on medium its price is comparable with Haiku/Flash).
Agree that the choices are strange. Sonnet 4.6 was tested, but no Opus 4.6.
Gemini 3.1 and GLM 5 came out around the same time as Sonnet 4.6 (~Feb 2026) so it's strange that they are missing, but Gemini 2.5 Flash, Gemini 3 Flash, and GLM 4.7 are there.
Would it be possible to add llm provider from glm5.1, minimax2.1? Those latest model have their parameters change significantly compare to previous gen
We ran the comparison and saw no difference, so to keep the bench consistent since some models don't support structured decoding we used greedy decoding on all models.
gpt 5.5 seems to be the recent leader overall, it make sense to include it , just to see what you trade off for speed/open source nature vs cutting edge leader.
LLMs are not inherently non-deterministic. This is a common misconception. You used to be able to set temp=0 and a fixed seed and get the same output every time. This broke when labs started implementing batching, and no one bothered fixing it because the benefits of batching vastly outweighed the demand for deterministic output.
I am hopeful deterministic output will return, though; DeepSeek v4 claims to have implemented "bitwise batch-invariant and deterministic kernels," though I haven't tested it myself.
Reproducible does not mean deterministic. You cannot determine in advance what a prompt will give as output, even with a temperature of 0 and a fixed seed, therefore they are not deterministic.
Huh? I'm not aware of anyone else who defines "deterministic" that way. "Deterministic" comes from "determinism," as in "the effects are fully determined by the causes" -- not "determine" as in "deduce."
General hallucinations benchmarks tend to be knowledge specific like GPQA or MMLU but none specifically measure structured output end-to-end which is one of the biggest use case for LLMs.
Many developer workflows use LLMs to produce structured artifacts due to it's flexibility of consuming unstructured inputs.
> "don't use an LLM"
Partially agree, that's what we're building towards at interfaze.ai a hybrid between transformers (LLMs) and traditional CNN/DNN architecture to solve this problem of "deterministic" output. This give devs the flexibility of custom schema definitions and unstructured input while still getting high quality structured output like you would get from a CNN models like EasyOCR.
The industry is moving toward using LLMs for more and more deterministic tasks so this benchmarks allows us to now measure it.
I have anecdotal experience here, but I've found more success when solving the task first, and then returning it as JSON in a separate LLM call[0].
Running a single non-reasoning LLM call from source data (text/image/audio in your diagram) to structured JSON seems fragile with the current state of LLMs.
You're essentially asking the model to do two tasks in one pass: parse the input and then format the output. It's amazing it works a lot of the time, but reasonable to assume it won't all of the time.
(As a human, when I'm filling out a complex form, I'll often jump around the document)
Curious how the benchmarks change when you add an intermediary representation, either via reasoning or an additional LLM call. I'd also love to see a comparison with BAML[1].
[0]In my experience we were using structured outputs as part of an agentic state machine, where the JSON contained code snippets (html/js/py/etc.). In the cases where we first prompted the model for the code, and then wrapped it in JSON, we saw much higher quality/success than asking for JSON straightaway.
[1]https://boundaryml.com/
Thank you for sharing benchmark. However, the results are selective.
Why no Opus 4.7? Why Gemini 3.1 Pro is missing?
If there is some other criterion (e.g. models within certain time or budget), great - just make it explicit.
When I see "Top 5 at a glance" and it missed key frontier models, I am (at best) confused.
Yeah we selected models that are most commonly integrated in developer workflows and being used for structured output. Typically those models tend to be in the low -mid cost range and with no or low reasoning.
For the benchmark, was kept consistent across all models and typically opus and 3.1 pro would be overkill and expensive even with reasoning off.
Good point tho, will add this point in the blog too :)
Also the benchmark is open source, so anyone can run a model on it and create a PR too, the leaderboard is dynamic and will automatically add that in.
The value of such a benchmark, to me, would be, "what is peak performance", not just "what is mid-tier performance". Also, possibly, "what's the per-dollar performance". Time and money permitting, I'd really want to see your benchmark extended to the large reasoning models.
Then the way to go is to use Pareto frontier, e.g. https://quesma.com/benchmarks/binaryaudit/#cost
If you want to avoid using Opus 4.7 them why GPT-5.4 (unless with a disclaimer that it is low reasoning setting, or check that on medium its price is comparable with Haiku/Flash).
Also, usually it is good to look at the newest model. Gemini 2.5 Flash is quite dated. Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite is the new one (https://openrouter.ai/google/gemini-3.1-flash-lite-preview).
Agree that the choices are strange. Sonnet 4.6 was tested, but no Opus 4.6.
Gemini 3.1 and GLM 5 came out around the same time as Sonnet 4.6 (~Feb 2026) so it's strange that they are missing, but Gemini 2.5 Flash, Gemini 3 Flash, and GLM 4.7 are there.
I wonder if this benchmark brings any value. Models are already quite capable and reach high scores in it.
Check out the "The JSON-pass vs Value-Accuracy gap" section in the blog. That was an eye opener.
While most models were great at producing JSON schema, they were pretty bad at producing accurate values.
In the graph you'll is almost a 20%-30% drop between the JSON schema pass vs the value accuracy.
Would it be possible to add llm provider from glm5.1, minimax2.1? Those latest model have their parameters change significantly compare to previous gen
We're updating our leaderboard with these model scores, should be out soon :D
Wow, Qwen3.5-35B is absolutely punching above its weight. Perhaps it's the best/cheapest model for just JSON operations?
We do love Qwen! It can be an easy choice when confused looking at this leaderboard.
hmm why can't structured decoding be used?
We saw that structured decoding didn't make a difference in the quality of the output.
Check out the paper section "6.3 Structured Decoding Ablation"
Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.25359
We ran the comparison and saw no difference, so to keep the bench consistent since some models don't support structured decoding we used greedy decoding on all models.
gpt 5.5 seems to be the recent leader overall, it make sense to include it , just to see what you trade off for speed/open source nature vs cutting edge leader.
Yep, we will be adding it soon as well.
This is just a hallucinations benchmark on a subset of outputs, not sure there's a value over general hallucinations benchmarks?
> Our goal is to be the best general model for deterministic tasks
I'm sorry but this simply doesn't make sense. If you want a deterministic output don't use an LLM.
LLMs are not inherently non-deterministic. This is a common misconception. You used to be able to set temp=0 and a fixed seed and get the same output every time. This broke when labs started implementing batching, and no one bothered fixing it because the benefits of batching vastly outweighed the demand for deterministic output.
I am hopeful deterministic output will return, though; DeepSeek v4 claims to have implemented "bitwise batch-invariant and deterministic kernels," though I haven't tested it myself.
Thinking Machines Lab uses batch invariant kernels, btw.
> LLMs are not inherently non-deterministic.
Reproducible does not mean deterministic. You cannot determine in advance what a prompt will give as output, even with a temperature of 0 and a fixed seed, therefore they are not deterministic.
Huh? I'm not aware of anyone else who defines "deterministic" that way. "Deterministic" comes from "determinism," as in "the effects are fully determined by the causes" -- not "determine" as in "deduce."
General hallucinations benchmarks tend to be knowledge specific like GPQA or MMLU but none specifically measure structured output end-to-end which is one of the biggest use case for LLMs.
Many developer workflows use LLMs to produce structured artifacts due to it's flexibility of consuming unstructured inputs.
> "don't use an LLM"
Partially agree, that's what we're building towards at interfaze.ai a hybrid between transformers (LLMs) and traditional CNN/DNN architecture to solve this problem of "deterministic" output. This give devs the flexibility of custom schema definitions and unstructured input while still getting high quality structured output like you would get from a CNN models like EasyOCR.
The industry is moving toward using LLMs for more and more deterministic tasks so this benchmarks allows us to now measure it.
A benchmark without Opus 4.6/4.7 feels incomplete.
Due to high demand, we're adding it soon!