One crucial part of my role as my family's de facto IT support was making sure my mom's FreeCell score record (which was just a Windows registry value) made it from each computer to the next across countless upgrades. She hated the new version that came out somewhere along the way because the card decks changed. (Windows 7? Windows 10? I switched to Linux full time in the XP era so my memory is a little fuzzy.) So I made sure to keep a backup of the Win32 version she was used to, and loaded it onto every machine she ever owned. It wasn't quite the 33 years of its lifetime, but probably close to 30.
Mom passed earlier this year, so the FreeCell score record won't ever increment again, but I still made a point to back it up one last time when going through her desktop this summer.
Sorry for the loss, are you able to keep her high score saved too?
I wanted old school MS solitaire in windows 11 since the modern version has ads and extra useless features. I found that the Windows XP version works without hassle. Earlier versions aren't really different but I forget if I tried to run earlier versions. One quirk: however the winning animation is programmed, it takes almost 20 minutes to complete on a very wide monitor[1].
it was fun until the end which was a temu ad. Before that there was an emoji that said end automatically, which was no fun. and then there was no cool card shuffling at the end.
Don't visit the link, unless you like feeling let down.
The score is a value stored in the Windows registry, the poster probably re-created (or imported from a previous export) the registry entry upon each Windows installation.
I deplore the day we lost the menu bar and replaced it with "mobile first" designs. The desktop UI was perfected around the time of Windows 95 and has gotten worse with every iteration since then. That, and the increased reliance on non-native frameworks and libraries instead of working with directly with the Windows API in C.
Long-press and the ••• menu in the overflow is a far superior UI paradigm than having a purpose built menu button.
90% of the time, even in Android that was pre-Honeycomb, the menu ended up just showing what would have been in the overflow anyways.
Android really did end up doing a lot better on the UX side that iOS with the contextual action bar and long-press to select. The idea of selection mode on iOS is still a weird process, and it's been mostly worked around since with higher PPI screens and touch sensors, instead doing a small area to "select" items on iOS
For me, long-press is one of the most infuriating UX features of mobile.
Probably the top on the offenders list for me is the copy-paste with the handles (which of course relies on long-press to trigger).
Hard buttons beat soft buttons for UX any time. You can use them with a glove, you can feel where the are located and you don't accidentally click because your finger was close enough for the capacitive touch sensor to trigger.
God, I hate copy/paste on android. tbh, I hate the whole 'gestures' thing where there never seems to be an actual 'instruction sheet' of what gestures are available. I wish they would make new apps provide a 'manifest' of gestures they support so your phone could have an up to date list based on which apps you have installed.
I’ve replaced the android headunit with a buttons and segmented display one (kenwood) because it was just horrendous. Now, it’s easy to switch sources, skip back and forth, and adjust volume with minimal looking. Tactical feedback and location memory is great UX.
IMO, the old Android menu button wasn't great UX. It ended up just being a miscellaneous laundry list of random functions, and the users would just need to learn "spam the menu button randomly on every screen just in case the needed action is hiding in there."
They had a different look, but usage and UI conventions including keyboard navigation worked basically the same. Since the mixing of mobile and desktop with web technology, it’s the Wild West.
But they were not too far removed from how the standard Windows buttons looked. Office had its own look in a lot of ways back then, e.g. with the extra handles on the toolbars.
Now, if I take a couple of current applications, the differences are much bigger: from the top of my head, Explorer, Settings, Edge, Office, Steam, Spotify all have much more unique UIs.
There was a short period of time around Windows 95-XP where application developers really wanted to try to use the "latest and greatest" because if they didn't they really stood out as being "last year's tech".
Then XP kind of broke that as so many started not bothering and then it all went sideways.
So do I, but I don't think I'd blame mobile-first designs, and instead place the blame on Microsoft sucking at making decisions, sucking at design, and sucking at mobile. Every bad Windows UI has, imo, been the result of trying to be cool and likeable by dying their hair a different colour to get some attention and getting ahead of or catching up with Apple who was playing a different game the whole time.
Apple meanwhile has made some notable mistakes, but when they do, it's usually a thorough bad bet that's just missed the mark, but if they do, it's all throughout their OS in every corner. Even with their recent Liquid glass blunder, they're not really putting a veneer that looks like wood over a rotting corpse of a house, they're just picking bad materials to update an otherwise decent layout. Microsoft's whole track consumer UI/product record imo is trying and failing to bet small but intrusively on ideas that don't work, aren't cool, and have no longevity. You see it as soon as you open the control panel that still looks like the 90s; it's this uncomfortable amalgam of failed tepid temporary marketing pitches by some department that make no sense
Windows 95 was the last release that had serious user testing in controlled environments. (They were also cribbing lots of notes from NeXT, which helped.)
Something fundamentally switched around 1998-2002 in how interface design was viewed and approached. I started my career in software as a design summer intern at a company that made a Windows “groupware” application in 1997. They took pride in following the platform’s guidelines and actually testing their designs with real users being videotaped trying to use it. The company’s UI design department was tiny, but employed both an industrial designer and a cognitive scientist.
Five years later, everybody I met in UI design was a graphic designer who was drawing glossy website mockups in Photoshop. The elder lore of science-based UI design was completely lost when Web 2.0 happened and app designs became vibes-based. Even Apple couldn’t resist the tide. (Indeed Steve Jobs’s return to Apple in 1997 was a major contributor because he had developed a taste for user-hostile skeuomorphism like the brushed metal QuickTime Player.)
I was at Microsoft when they user-tested Windows 7 to death. Including installing eye tracking software during sessions so you could monitor where the user was looking at on the screen.
That data was in part used to justify the changes made in 8: "Users only click on the start menu 0.1% of the time and when they do they focus on a narrow portion of the screen."
A couple of the UX people who worked on Win8 told me that some of the UX study results were faked to give the desired results that justified the new Win8 design changes.
Def the sort of stories you hear at at a bar after work.
You’re not wrong that they aren’t directly correlated. I can see the argument though that making Notes look exactly like a yellow legal pad was not an automatic gain for usability compared to say, wordpad.exe with its super simple toolbar that showed you every option.
I think a fair take is that going full skeuomorphic may take some options off the table for you because they would conflict too much with the metaphor you’re leaning hard into.
I’m still 100% Team Forstall though, considering the massive violence that ios7 and its copycats have wrought on usability.
Some skeuomorphism is user-friendly, like buttons that animate like they're clicked when pressed down. Other skeuomorphism was user-hostile, like the various mouse-only interfaces where everything had to be dragged around to work.
Scroll bars have always been both control (press here to move around) and indicator (how much of this document is there, and how far through it am I?).
Always-on-screen scrollbars are only useless if you think that indication is useless. Many people find it quite valuable.
I think elements like scrollbars remaining visible serve a useful purpose of their own. I don't just mean scrollbars in this case depicting the location in the scroll, either, but instead offering a fully predictable interface that looks the same and doesn't depend on state. Elements like scrollbars only appearing when needed- expanding when you hover near them, for example, removes some of the predictability of the interface. If you have elements all over a UI that only appear "when needed" it starts to become a bit of a circus show, IMO; ribbons or toolbars or menus that only appear when you press alt or hover near the top of a window; scrollbars that only appear when you either scroll or move the mouse near the scroll elevator area, etc.
It's some of the same push that has removed titlebars from desktop UI. Programs like Chrome spearheaded effectively taking over that area, because it's a "waste of screen space", But it's not, that screen space was used for a predictable, known UI element that used to be fully expected on all desktop UI Window elements. It's sort of like how we have with writing a predictable convention of words on a page to have margins on the left and right. If that followed the way UX has gone we'd have dismissed page margins as "wasted space" and all text would have 0" margins and run all the way to the edges of the page and we'd pat ourselves on the back for "using page real estate" more effectively.
No they don't, they appear every time you scroll even if you never use the bar. And flashing of ui elements is in many cases worse than wasting that space permanently.
It's a tragedy decades of UI research/design can't get any of the fundamental design elements right
They are handy on a tablet. At the same time they are not since dynamic content might be loaded so the true size of the page is not shown to me by the scroll bar.
I hate when magically appearing scrollbars cause the screen to redraw - I especially hate it when the content needs a scrollbar if NOT present, so it appears, which makes the content reflow so it doesn't need it, and it keeps swapping back and forth.
There has been a bug in Apple's Quicklook on macOS for as long as I can remember, where the right side of a document is slightly cropped when Always Show Scrollbars is enabled. It appears to expect that the scroll bars should only appear intermittently and renders over the content.
Very frustrating when one is scanning documents and photos, and verifying them through Finder shows phantom cropping.
I personally like the scroll bars to always be visible as they serve as both an indicator and a control.
Schrödinger's button - you go to click it, a scroll bar appears, the button moves. You go to the new button location, the scroll bar disappears, the button returns.
Although I started with 98, I think Vista / 7 was the peak. It was user friendly enough for newbies but didn't sacrifice advanced controls. Just organized them better to bring focus to the more used parts.
In terms of aesthetic, I love Windows 7-era Aero glass design (and to a lesser extent, Vista), but I also love the classic Windows 9x/2000 look. If I had to choose between the two, I'd go with Aero simply because of the start menu search bar.
In both Windows 7 and Vista you could change the theme engine to Windows Classic, which gave you the Windows 9x/2000 look AND the start menu search bar.
Exactly. Windows 7 plus the windows 2000 "classic" option was pretty awesome.
Win10 LTSC with the right options and limiting search to local only is pretty good also though. Insanely snappy on even crap systems (with really any SSD)
Maybe on the OS side. However, Vista coincided with the release of Office 2007. That release of Office introduced the dreaded Ribbon, which made functions much harder to find.
I actually like Ribbon and I disagree. It made functions easier to find, for people who didn't have a muscle memory of those functions. It actually taught them how to use the program and exposed conditional menus like picture options better than the toolbars that appear and disappear.
Of course people who got used to traversing 3-level menus got annoyed but they still have all the same keyboard shortcuts. However, spending enough time, you also get used to Ribbon and it usually requires fewer clicks not more.
I still find a tastefully done Ribbon is better than a menu and a toolbar combination. The problem is, not everybody has put the same effort that Microsoft did which created monstrosities like Solidworks Ribbon.
I just learned that X Window System came out a year before the first Windows release. Interesting. Thanks for pointing out the compiz ripoff. It spurred me to look up the original release dates.
> Some apps eschew it, like browsers, but not because they are “mobile first”, but because they are trying to maximize screen space.
I don't think this is true. If anything, we see more oversized buttons and empty space nowadays. It's as if developers forgot that PC users have keyboards and mice. Remember, display resolutions and monitors were a lot smaller back then, and making space count was arguably more important 20 years ago than it is today.
Smaller screen also means your menu bar has to be larger relative to the total screen size to be readable though. Assuming something like the standard going from 15" or 17" CRT to 24" LCD
Two things can both be true. An app can create more space around controls and get rid of the menu bar to save space.
The space also really has nothing to do with “mobile first”. It’s for touch screens (and also modern aesthetic that avoids crowded controls).
To be clear, I am not saying that all apps are optimizing for saving screen space. I was specifically talking about browsers, which are broadly optimized to give as much area as possible to the content.
You’re getting closer… “crowded” and “cluttered” are the most taboo words in the “UX” charlatans’ holy book. It’s so scary to them that they’ll sacrifice anything to avoid even a possible accusation of “crowdedness.”
It was a mildly useful point of view when they were designing things meant to be the first computer program someone might ever use. Like Microsoft Bob or Apple “At Ease.” But it’s idiotic to have things following that dogma as the only interface to tools that people need to use daily and will become expert users of.
To think some of us nerds complained about the Luna theme of XP as too “Fisher Price.” Fisher Price products look like industrial control panels compared to today’s contemporary operating systems and apps.
Ironic to say on hackernews which shows massive whitespace in the margins-- and if I try to widen my tab sidebar it actually indents the margin rather than eating into it.
One can look across the computing space as a whole and see that, it is surely not the case that we're "maximizing screen space".
Totally agree. But this does not take away from his point that maximizing screen space is the motivation in Firefox. In fact, all you have done is demonstrate why they are driven to do so.
Oh really? I, sadly, use nearly none. Open on my desktop right now: Slack, Outlook, Zoom, Windows Terminal, Edge, Claude, Obsidian, whatever the Windows image viewer is called, Cursor, and VS Code.
Only the last 2 have menu bars. And I can’t be certain that I didn’t dig through the preferences of one or both of them when I first installed them to tell them to knock off the bullshit and give me back the menus. Once in a while, there is an option buried somewhere like that.
In fairness I did not do a full inventory of all the apps I use. I see Word and VS Code. It may be less than I thought if I inventoried every app I regularly use.
I see some have gone the “browser” direction with tabs folded into the title bar and the menu bar dropped. Windows Terminal, File Explorer, and Notepad are all that style now.
Edit: Actually Notepad has the tabs in the titlebar thing but retained the menu bar and folded it into the command bar.
I personally am pretty disgusted by ‘tabs in the title bar’ since really what that means is deleting the title bar. You can’t grab and move the freaking window because most of it is made out of a bunch of tabs or other widgets. I presume this is done because somebody’s research found that many people just do everything in maximized windows or the Apple “full screen mode.” As long as you don’t mind sacrificing the people who do use window managers to manage windows, likely the most sophisticated users, this seems like a great move. But I would argue it’s still stupid because I have plenty of screen real estate. Being able to read one additional line of text in my browser window or Slack conversation does literally nothing for me.
It’s a tradeoff. I spend most of my time on a laptop screen (even when using an external monitor, the external is my secondary screen) and appreciate the reduction in screen waste. I don’t need or want a huge click area just for moving the window.
My favorite is 3:2 for laptops. 4:3 is a bit tall (screen is fine, but it makes the base much deeper as well). 16:9 is kind of crappy, especially if it’s a smaller screen.
I love it. I can grab either end of the title bar just fine. I don't need to waste the entire middle. And if I have multiple windows I'm sacrificing more like 3 lines and it does start to matter.
The Menu + quick access bar was good for developers but terrible for users, at least compared to the ribbon.
Ribbon is absolutely an improvement for users but is more work for the XML layout and learning how to organize it.
I'm rather convinced that Ribbon is still the best way to organize quick actions, show their shortcuts (Alt to see keyboard shortcuts), and also have enough text to describe all the buttons. But it'd be nice if it were easier to make good Ribbons.
Menu was braindead easy, albeit through ancient process of .rc files and whatnot
The alternative to ribbon is not menu+ quick access, it was easily customizable toolbars where you can simply drag and drop only the buttons you need in the toolbars you need at a fraction of screen space that the ribbon wastes. And no user is ever exposed to that XML garbage only a dev could love
Menubars/toolbars were not n00b-friendly but great for anyone that used a computer for technical reasons.
Old Photoshop, any CAD software, Excel. Smaller buttons and more of them is a steeper learning curve but results in far superior day-to-day usability. You can still hold down [Alt] and see hotkeys, that wasn't unique to the Ribbon UI.
it's all very much an example of the "Look at what they need to mimic a fraction of our power" meme.
I'm just not sure why it has to be one or the other. Look at NeXTStep. They had a menu bar (or I guess a menu panel) and a ribbon, although that term didn't exist yet, and it was definitely not 100% there yet.
I think it's the other way around. Well organised menus can help users discover what functions are available at quick glance without having to hover each icons with the mouse to know what they do. For power users, the ribbons mean you can click directly on the function you need without having to click through menus and sub-menus.
Menus from Win95 are uniform. All buttons took up one row and a full width of the submenu. (Even if you don't have a shortcut key assigned, the space is taken up and wasted)
It's well acknowledged that modern designers and users benefit from large vs small, and other varying styles of organization.
Menus only had top menus vs submenu vs sub-sub-menu (and so forth). Yes a good menu is useful but...
A ribbon offers many more tradeoffs. It's harder to design a good ribbon, but the best ribbons are always better than even the best menu. The important features will be physically larger with more text and space. The less important or niche features might just be an icon with tooltip, possibly hidden behind a subcategory of the ribbon.
In theory, you can use the modern Ribbon to make old school menus. But why bother? If you made the switch to that XML design language, you might as well take all the benefits of the Ribbon
Or hell, if you like old school menus, you can still make them today. Those .RC editors still work in modern Windows 11. But give it a shot and you'll see how restrictive and bulky old school menus are in practice.
> The desktop UI was perfected around the time of Windows 95
There’s no need to be hyperbolic or blinded by nostalgia. Yes, user interfaces have suffered several setbacks in the years since, but even if we concede every change was for the worse (they weren’t) it was by no means “perfected” and there was still plenty of area for improvement.
> Well that can't be entirely true, the desktop experience on Windows 10 improved on Windows 8 by leaps and bounds.
In large part, windows 10's ui is more like that of windows 95 because it undid the changes away from the windows 95 paradigm that windows 8 did. Furthermore, those changes away from windows 95 in windows 8 were the exact kind of thing that might be called "mobile first".
>Are you nuts? Or wait.. you must be Gen Z then, never really used Win95.. If so, you cant make any statements in the subject.
What a terrible attitude to have as a comment reply. I've been using Windows since Windows 95, meaning I have plenty of experience and some emotional attachment to it and I'm as millenial with knee pain as they get, so not Gen-Z, and I can't imagine going back to using W95 today productively in a non-ironic way.
Windows 95 was perfect ... for what people did on computers back in 1995, not for what I do now in 2026 on the HW of today. May W95 rest in peace, but I'll take my modern OS for my moderns entertainment and productivity tasks on modern HW. There's no way in hell I'd want to go back to W95 even if that's what popped my cherry. People calming otherwise have rose tinted glasses and only remember the good parts of that era without the downsides.
Can you tell me more? What are you doing that good old classic windows would be barely usable? Im really curious, because I was using corporate Win10 and hell, it was really driving me crazy. Good that there is Cygwin, so I could move most stuff there. Classic Windows just works, and if you care, you can even customize it.
>Can you tell me more? What are you doing that good old classic windows would be barely usable?
In modern WIndows, from 7 onward, I can hit the meta key and type the first letters of the app I want to open, hit enter and boom, it's opened. I can mouse snap the two app windows side by side on my large monitor. I have 125% scaling so things don't look tiny on my 4k monitor.
Win 95 had none of that, the only way to launch an app was via shortcuts on the desktop or navigating a long and tedious star menu tree, which was perfectly fine for 1995 since you had ~10 app on your PC and you used it sparingly, but is really shit UX if your PC has 50+ apps like in 2026 and you use it for half a day. "Classic windows" only makes sense if you also use your PC in a classic way like it's the 90's, with like 1-2 concurrent apps opened at once, instead of 10+ leaving them on for days/weeks.
>Good that there is Cygwin, so I could move most stuff there.
Cygwin is CLI, not UI, which is what we were talking about. Are your complaints about the Windows CLI or about UI, because those are different topics you seem to mix up?
>Classic Windows just works, and if you care, you can even customize it.
I can also customize modern Windows, at least in the ways I need it to be productive. Sure, you can't customize it anymore in the W95 way, such as having a Matrix screensaver or Rollercoaster Tycoon theme on it, but I don't need that anymore since I'm old now and don't have time for that anymore. If I want a short hit of nostalgia I boot up my vintage Windows XP machine, but that's not my daily driver.
>Im really curious, because I was using corporate Win10 and hell, it was really driving me crazy.
If Win10 was driving you crazy, then "classic windows" would also drive you crazy even harder because it doesn't have any QoL over Win10. Please explain yourself here what you mean since you seem to be contradicting yourself. Or are you only talking about your limited corporate windows experience and and not what you can do as an admin on "home" windows?
> In modern WIndows, from 7 onward, I can hit the meta key and type the first letters of the app I want to open, hit enter and boom, it's opened.
I mean in theory I can also do that on my Win 11 machine... In practice if I actually performed those exact steps I will probably have edge open up with a web search of the letters I typed.
The amount of times I actually have to use the now even less user friendly way of finding an app in the start menu regardless is infuriating, give me both, a star menu that is deterministic and a search that works...
Just because I want the older stuff does not mean I have to give up some of the newer stuff.
> In practice if I actually performed those exact steps I will probably have edge open up with a web search of the letters I typed.
Not for me since I disabled web search feature of the start menu, but I get what you mean. I still prefer this option than being limited by the Win95 way. I always have 10+ apps opened at once. Having to manually launch them via the menu tree every time I boot up my OS would be a nightmare. This wasn't an issue in Win95 because I only had 16mb of RAM so I only launched one or two apps simultaneously, like for example MS Word for a school project and Winamp for listening to music while working and that's it. The kind of multitasking people do today without even thinking (50+ Chrome tabs, IDEs, Discord, Signal, Spotify, Steam, WSL, Plex, etc) was unheard of in Win95.
>Just because I want the older stuff
Yes, but you failed to explain exactly what "old stuff" UI did Win95 had that you don't have today and really need? You can still launch apps via the desktop shortcuts or the tedious start-menu tree view in Modern Windows as well like it's 1995, if that's what you miss from Win95, nobody forces you to use the broken search feature you dislike of modern windows.
not sure if "can't say that X is the best if you haven't personally lived through every previous iteration" is an already established logical fallacy, but damn does it fall apart quickly.
Im still running Win2003 here, hence classic GUI (Win2000 like). Works like a charm :) I do some hacking (programing, reverse engineering) and playing games (old of course) on it.
Typical insulting boomer reply. Personal attacks, against the rules, and nothing useful added to the discussion. And the guy you insulted isn't even Gen Z...
95 feels kinda backwards tbh but 98SE/2000 is outrageously modern. A lot of the windows admin tools are unchanged from 2000 apart from the icons. I really think if you could run a modern browser on 2000 it could be a daily driver for most people
As computers, and smartphones got more popular, the audience got larger and the use scenarios got more and more distant from professional use. Dedicated professionals, like software engineers and stock brokers still prefer CLI and Bloomberg terminal even today. Ordinary office workers late 90s and early 00s window-based interfaces (the ones you're talking about). But smartphone users who just want to play their free games and scroll through facebook actually prefer the mobile-first UIs.
If you see this UI transition through the same lense as CLI-GUI one, a lot of things become more clear, in my opinion.
I agree with you generally but I don't think desktop UI is remotely close to perfected. Unless you mean the desktop as a skeumorphic concept than maybe.
I think we've actually completely stagnate on the human interaction side of OSes and only emacs has made any progress and then only for those willing to put the work in, not as a vanilla user ui.
i agree. i love the 120hz responsiveness of the UI. how fast the app loads, the buttons click. No lazy loading , placeholders, layout re-renders. Open the task manager: half a meg ram used.
The finished patch DLL ended up being a tour of the stuff that broke.
The game did launch on Windows 11 but the main issue was that the 8-bit pre-DirectDraw behaviour was broken - for 256 colour screens, Windows 11 resolvesld palette indices only once, but the game relies on being able to change the palette for fades etc. Most of the screeen ended up black, but you could see the animated parts just fine.
So most of fix ended up being to hook every draw call and implement a virtual GDI that acted like a graphics card of the day.
There was a 32-bit disc space check that overflowed, a couple of use-after-free crashes and some racey threading calls that can't have been tested on a machine with 2 CPUs.
Backwards compatibility from Microsoft was almost all there, and probably would have kept Orly running for a couple of subsequent Windows releases. But it relies on a developer meeting them half-way, it's not an emulation layer.
wine has more backwards compatibility options than Windows itself, but in this project also triggered some different buggy code paths in the original (see cousin comment).
So this game still needed its bugs fixing to run in a modernised Windows, or it would have been stuck in a hardware emulator running Windows 95.
Your project's readme suggests that you tested on Proton. How poorly does the unmodified game run in Proton and/or Wine when you limit it to a single CPU? Very? Somewhat?
But after it was working on Windows, I tried it on Crossover and found that MacOS doesn't allow you to pin to one CPU. So it needed a racey scheduler rewriting.
There was also a difference in the way wine provides printer drivers that caused a buggy code path to run in the game, which caused a crash on the Steam Deck too.
So those bugs would have been critical even if the display implementation had worked.
The patch also adds an OpenGL window & scaling filter as the game's primary output, so it doesn't rely on GDI for pixel output any more.
I like that we are amazed by this. And yet all of my books from 34 years ago open up just fine (without cheating, no book opening emulator required!). I can even open a book on my shelf from 1896 without emulation. Not trying to troll too hard but I do think it is shocking how accustomed we've gotten to zero backwards compatibility in the world of software.
I think the point made here is that the application runs as if it were a modern application, even though the OS is completely unrecognizable when compared to the OS it was written for. There are other ways to run old applications on modern hardware with modern OSs, which the author would consider cheating for the purpose of TFA. Heck, I can run ancient DOS and gaming console applications on my phone if I wanted to.
I think the oldest cartridge that would still work in a modern firearm would be .22 Short, which is from 1857.[1] It was developed into .22 Long, which was developed into .22 Long Rifle, which new firearms are still chambered in today. It wouldn't cycle a semi-auto though. Another contender would be .38 Long Colt, which is from 1875 and will work in firearms chambered in .38 Special or .357 Magnum.
The main causes of incompatibility were the transition from ball-and-powder to rimfire cartridges, then the transition from rimfire to centerfire. It's surprising how little firearms have changed in the past century. 9mm Parabellum is 125 years old. The Browning short recoil action (used by most handguns today) is over a century old.
If you live in a country or region where the gauge didn't change, you can put a 1845 train on a modern track just fine. If the gauge did change, you'll need a train from another country. Standard Gauge was first applied in 1825 after all.
Many militaries are still buying rifles that chamber a cartridge introduced in 1891 (7.62x54mmR). I'd argue a cartridge initially developed for a long bolt action rifle (Mosin-Nagant) that can now be fired out of a variant of a AK-patten select-fire bull-pup (Vepr) fits the analogy.
It is amazing, though. Wintel is basically a Matryoshka doll (Russian nesting dolls), where each version contains all the previous versions. (Just look at how a PC boots up!)
The dedication to compatibility is commendable, and you don't really see it on the other OS's. On that note, this is one of my favorite articles:
The oldest web app code of my own that I still maintain/evolve turned 20 this year, so yours is older than mine. I think it's largely a Ship of Theseus at this point, though I did just remove some code the other day that was absolutely untouched since 2008.
Speaking of FreeCell, a couple weeks ago I was visiting my 95yr-old grandmother and noticed she still plays oldschool FreeCell, specifically a variant that's really hard to track down now called FreeCell Pro [https://cards.fandom.com/wiki/FreeCell_Pro]
It inspired a weekend project. I always liked that you could swap the card backs in OG FreeCell and play with different "themed" decks, so I vibecoded something a little more modern. I got carried away and added a roguelite mode too (yeah I know how "Roguelite FreeCell" sounds). Anyway, it's free to play on the web, no ads: [https://freecellworlds.com/]
Basically a 1992 rogue-lite where each room is a different solitaire game. eg: front parlor == clock solitaire, first bedroom == regular solitaire, upstairs is blocked by freecell, etc...
It's a fairly rich concept, you have a ton of different gameplay bound together by a very loose plot/quest mechanisms (eg: blue key == blue door ; boss == win 2 games of solitaire).
Definitely worth sharing if you've got some solitaire fans in your life!
Yeah classic FreeCell only lets you move one card at a time. No stacks. A lot of FreeCell implementations have a QoL feature that let you move stacks if there's enough free cells or empty columns to allow the move.
Along these lines, I'm always amused with the videos (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8CIhCTVyqQ) showing you can update a [virtual] device from Windows 3.1 to Windows 11.
In 2026 does it still make sense to build new Windows app using Win32 API? I was building a simple image viewer similar to QuickLook on Mac using Win32. I found it's very responsive. The code is less readable compared to React. For me Win32 is a good option if the UI state machine is simple enough.
I think the sweet spot is WPF or actaully its FOSS version: AvaloniaUI. It is high level enough to be cross-platform and not stupidly verbose, however it is rather light pn resources. However, Win32 still wins in absolute minimalism.
As someone who does raw Win32 API based UI... no. The Win32 UI system has been neglected for many years and is missing very basic functionality by modern standards, including dark mode support, antialiased rendering, hardware accelerated image stretching, and wide color gamut / HDR support. You're going to be working around a lot of ancient restrictions compared to a more modern UI and rendering layers on top of it.
While Win32 tends to deliver the most resource-efficient and responsive apps if the complexity is not high, I have settled on the latest .NET + C# + Windows App SDK / WinUI 3. Making an app look good and fit into the modern Windows look is extremely hard with Win32 C/C++ and writing and maintaining it requires energy that I'd rather spend elsewhere. Besides, modern frameworks are making great strides in speed, efficiency and QoL features. .NET 11 is full of optimizations, for example.
I've tried this and found the WinUI deployment model frustrating and user hostile. There are like 5 open issues on GitHub where people seem deeply confused (I'm one of them) as to if it's possible to build a plain .NET .exe. Some people have tried it and it "works", others try it and get obscure errors, it's a real mess.
yeah, it's still pretty good for a lot of things. I've found with AI it's now super easy to do native win32 apps really easily. It used to be doing all the plumbing was a PITA. There were wrappers to make it easier, but now you can do it directly. It means you get super performant, tiny binaries, that start instantly. Like windows should be. However, at home I've moved to linux a while back so way less useful to me now, though works fine with WINE. I still use it to make little utilities for work though.
Unless your name is Raymond Chen, you probably want to at least use ATL/MFC, which are frozen but still supported. Me, I'd take Qt any day, or wxWidgets if I wanted to go minimal.
Win32 API is great and responsive; ATL/WTL (and MFC) are still very useful abstractions with little cost. The biggest pain point is having to handle a lot of things manually, like DPI awareness (and themed controls). Even things like Emoji and other modern text features are not available through GDI and require DirectWrite iirc. Still, I'm surprised how useful it manages to be regardless how old it is.
When you say responsive, you mean like it reacts quickly, or it responds to screen size?
In web we refer to the latter but i feel you mean the former.
I built a toy project in .NET 2005[0] with WinForms and the experience was actually excellent, binding data to controls was dead simple, it felt surprisingly modern. But i can't imagine how I'd make the UI resizable lol
Windows apps always had to be able to respond to dynamically changing screen dimensions since the user could change from one screen resolution to another while an app was still running. Apps would get a WM_DISPLAYCHANGE message in their top-level windows message processing loop. Docs say WM_DISPLAYCHANGE was introduced in Win95.
I wouldn't, because I do not think we should put up barriers in our application between OSs (Nor have to maintain separate UI code bases for each OS you think might use it). So I use cross-platform kits. There are compromises, but I don't care about the looks native qualification compared to works anywhere. Yes, the software looks like an EGUI app (etc. Substitute Qt), instead of Looks native, but I appreciate how I'm not setting up barriers between OSs or making extra work.
So instead you are creating a bad UI for all of your users. That’s very Java application (or perhaps Electron these days) of you, but seems like a poor trade-off to me.
These days, with LLM assisted development, with relatively simple GUIs, I would go towards platform native GUIs per platform. And then all the shared business logic goes in a shared "core", with the GUIs only serving as "dumb" inputs and outputs, with all business logic shared between them.
LLMs are quite good at tedious tasks such as keeping multiple GUIs in different languages in sync with each other.
You still need to test all of those separate GUIs though so it's still costing more.
You also generally don't want them to actually be in sync because there are actual UX differences between platforms that you need to align with to really be native. If you don't follow that then what's the point?
I couldn’t disagree more, when it comes to UIs. They should match the platform they are being used on. Cross-platform always produces a very sub-par experience. But us developers tend to care primarily about what makes development easiest for us.
What does this mean in practice for software you write? What OSes to you build it for, and what OS or GUI-specific conventions to you follow which don't apply to others?
edit: Link software you wrote's installation instructions.
The way you worded this message could mean either a) people should focus on a single platform using native frameworks, or b) people should use a cross-platform framework instead of spreading themselves too thin. Maybe even both?
I also don't care how if things _look_ native, I care if the work like a native app. For example, on the rare occasions I touch Windows, I expect standard keyboard shortcuts to work. On macOS, I expect full integration with the accessibility frameworks and OS affordances like services.
A lowest common denominator idea of "everywhere" is just not that useful.
How do you handle this for your own software? Could you please link me to one of your project's websites and install instructions? What specifically do you find that one OS has that's mandatory for a good/native UIs that others don't?
I hear you on the native UI is better all things considered. I'm trying to figure out how that works in practice. I.e., to accompany a "cross-platform UIs are inferior to native ones", you would be effective to also include the workflows you use. In a realm where you choose options, eliminating one should come with illuminating another, as one must choose a path, and others could be eliminated for their drawbacks as well, leaving none available. What is your path here?
No - almost all of the software I work on is at least one of:
- proprietary,
- command line tooling,
- single-platform.
A good example of what I consider to be a great approach (not mine) is Ghostty, which has fully native UI per platform and a shared core between platforms. JetBrains tools also go out of their way to integrate with platform conventions everywhere.
An example that cross-platform toolkits usually get wrong: cursor navigation in text fields. Home and End do different things on different platforms, and on macOS, basic emacs/readline bindings are supposed to work in all text entry fields.
It’s worth noting that this extends beyond GUIs - command line tools written in Go tend to use “package flag” which is native nowhere. The standards between Windows (which has two, in cmd and powershell), GNU-style and “legacy” Unix style are just not reconcilable without implementing platform-specific behaviour.
I mean, if I was building a windows app, I would. Microsoft always tries to convince people to stop using it, but Win32 keeps working.
If Microsoft ever makes something that actually meets all the needs that Win32 addresses, they'll probably build a compat layer and a) your win32 code will still work in compat mode, b) that new thing may be worth targeting.
I often think old GUIs have a nice, functional look to them. This one is no exception. I notice (what I assume is) the shuffle toggle looks unfamiliar. This is from way back before that UI became a convention! I see the repeat icon has stuck around. So interesting!
Microsoft (and Apple) poured a ton of money into usability research in the early 90s and it showed. I vaguely remember the story through how many versions of the trash icon Microsoft went for Windows 95 to get it right.
For me it was a bit sad to see the mad and creative UX world of the homecomputer era being bulldozed over with the minimalist uniform results of the scientific usability research.
Little did I know that a mere quarter century later we are back were we once started and everyone as clueless as we were in the 90s goes overboard everywhere as if there was no tomorrow.
Yeah, and it sadly makes me miss the nicely ordered and easily usable world - I'm gettin' old I guess.
Functionality isn't hidden and buttons looked like buttons (instead of the modern trend of having unstyled text or tiny icons having a 50-50 chance of being a button).
The flat design trend really confused me. It really took off when high resolution screens started getting popular too, really made no sense. Wish we'd bring back Skeuomorphic design. Bring back that wood grain and metal textures. Bring back the fun UI's and app themes. Bring back real buttons!
I remember having installed Win32s package to our Windows for Workgroups 3.11 machines at Osmangazi University in 1995. The idea was that Windows, as a 16-bit operating system, could run a subset of Win32 apps that were compatible with the Win32s API surface. However, the release of Windows 95 had almost immediately made it obsolete. I'm sure it was useful in certain scenarios, but our only win was Freecell. :)
> The idea was that Windows, as a 16-bit operating system, could run a subset of Win32 apps that were compatible with the Win32s API surface.
386 mode in Windows 2 (sold as Windows/386) and 3 was really a 32-bit operating system for 16-bit applications.
Win32s allowed some 32-bit apps to run on windows 3.1 and up. Including many versions of Internet Explorer (Microsoft also released ie as a 16-bit application, though).
> That is because, duh, my computer doesn’t have a CD-ROM drive. But you can use a small DLL (cdemu.dll) to emulate one with some fake audio data and actually get it to play audio
This makes me curious to know if CDPLAYER.EXE would still work (unmodified, without extra DLLs) with a real CD-ROM drive if you ran it on a Windows 11 machine with one installed.
Tried it. If I open it with a disc in, it shows the "No CDROM devices found" message. If I open it without a disc in, it shows the menu, then when I put in a disc in Windows shows a weird error: https://files.catbox.moe/6y3qpy.png
It acts generally weird (buy a £10 dvd drive from ebay and try it yourself if you want any more detail, useful thing to have anyway) and obviously I can't get it to play anything.
The RTM version gets a bit further, doesn't show that weird Explorer error, but I still can't get it to play anything and opening the playlist crashes it vs on the Beta version where it actually listed the tracks.
I suspect the cd player is trying to take control of the drive and fighting with Windows trying to be helpful, don't know if there's a way to turn it off.
I can't say for certain but recently having done some work on windows with CDROM drives, i strongly suspect it would. I bet you could mount a music CD BIN/CUE with ImgDrive and it would work... Shit i guess i have to go try it don't I
Edit: i meant ImgDrive as a suggestion for those without optical drives. I have several, I'll test em out
I can't even run a binary from one Linux distro to the other, let alone one from a random Unix from the 80s. If a rebuild from source is allowed (which would need to allow modifications to the build system) that's a completely different game.
I had to run a Linux binary compiled for Ubuntu 10.something a few years ago. I couldn't get the drivers to work properly in libvirt and getting the binary to run on modern Linux was practically impossible, even with 32 bit support installed.
The downside of dynamically linked binaries: every tool of medium complexity needs a close-enough version of a common library, and once those get upgraded, the tool dies.
Most statically compiled version should work with a compatible enough libc, but I haven't seen many old programs like that.
Wine, on the other hand, runs tools from the 90s just fine, as long as they're 32 bit.
Many programs are dynamically linked to at the very least, libc. If the system libc is older than what the binary was developed for, it will often fail. Failures going the other direction are less common, but can and do still happen. If the binary was statically linked with everything it needs, you've got a pretty good chance it'll work, but that's a bit harder to do with GUI programs that need to interact with X or Wayland.
It depends. I've found for example, if i compile on Ubuntu or Debian, it will probably work on any Ubuntu, Debian, or Debian-based distro released at or newer than the one I compiled it on. There are other cross-compatible examples.
More broadly, there are things like manylinux and MUSL which allow cross-distro applications.
I agree - the model I use for why containers (Docker etc) exist is to abstract over Linux ABI incompatibility. I don't think they're a great solution, as it complicates software distribution. I should be able to distribute an executable and have it just work.
Linux isn't the source of the incompatibility. The kernel itself is very strict about not breaking userspace. Your userspace is breaking compatibility on its own, containers fix it by shipping the userspace components within the container, which only works because the kernel maintained compatibility. If the kernel broke compatibility you would need to use a VM so you can run a different kernel version.
Hah well yes for Windows. This is a mercy, but my mindset is still "Works on Windows, Linux and Mac". (The last being dropped for anything that requires Cuda...)
From the article, the time to beat is November 16, 1992. This might be possible on one of the BSDs, as FreeBSD and NetBSD both document support for running a.out executables with the 4.3BSD ABI. I guess it would depend on whether anyone had ported X11 to run on a BSD on i386 before then. Alternatively, maybe you'd be able to get something running on SCO OpenServer (if you count that as a current OS, it IS still getting security patches). It documents support for XENIX x.out binaries ( https://www.scosales.com/ta/kb/126704.html ) so you might be able to run software compiled in the late 1980s for XENIX/386.
NetBSD has excellent binary compatible with 80s "unix", the problem is most (all?) of the 80s unix platforms it supports aren't x86.
Current NetBSD still has good support for running SunOS binaries, though, including graphical ones. I'm certain you could get a SunOS 4.x binary from pre-1992 to run on NetBSD/SPARC. I've no idea how far back you could potentially go on NetBSD/m68k -- probably quite a ways, especially if the binaries are statically linked. SunOS pre-1988 was all static linking!
(Running "real" 4.3BSD binaries might be hard -- I think NetBSD/VAX defaults to ULTRIX compat, which is an either/or thing versus strict Berkeley Unix compatibility. Same binary format, similar but incompatible syscalls/data structures.)
Yeah I was kind of on the fence with this, but since the last version of Windows that shipped with NTVDM was Windows 10 32bit, and Windows 11 doesn't have a 32bit edition, I decided that using 3rd party tools would be cheating
I was aiming for something you could double click on vanilla Windows and would just work out of the box
Wrote a few small utilities in Win32 in the early 90s; still use them today unmodified, but most recently in WINE. I have some slightly older DOS utilities that are also quite usable.
kudos to microsoft for enabling 40+ years of API support. Most companies are ending support after less than 10 years. some even a few years ( like those Nest thermostats getting killed )
Can you imagine the maze of a diagram that enables these old APIs to draw to the screen and render controls properly still?
> Sadly, Windows 11 can’t run 16-bit Windows programs by itself, because 64-bit Windows has no NTVDM, so we’re going to have to find something from the early NT era.
I remember a recent-ish post on here that really, I mean really, dived deep into this whole thing. It turns out that it was mostly a lack of willpower or maybe political that stopped Windows 64bit running 16 bit apps.
Somewhere in the kernel, with some obscure mechanism there is support for some kind of emulation that if implemented would allow it to run NTVDM and therefore these 16 bit apps.
The author of the post even had some kind of proof of concept of running a 16 bit DOS app directly under Windows 64 bit with this.
The details are blurry, but I believe that that had the Windows team really wanted to this emulation could have been built in and totally seamless.
I got the impression that this was actually a fairly new finding which is why I suppose no one has tried it.
Related: "Chain of Fools : Upgrading through every version of windows (HQ)" (2011), they upgrade Windows 1 through to Windows 7, and demonstrate Doom II and Monkey Island working still at the end. Would be interesting to extend it to Windows 11.
I can tell that the person making the video never actually tried to run Doom on a real Windows 2000 or XP machine, otherwise they would have noticed that the game has absolutely no sound. Sound support for DOS games in Windows 2000+ was not built into the operating system. You needed to install a third party tool called "VDMSound" if you wanted sound blaster emulation for DOS games.
I'm imagining a future where Microsoft's Copilot pops up in the corner, Clippy style, and gives you a message like, "Hey, I noticed you're running an app that looks like it was developed when Windows Vista was new. Want me to freshen that up for you?" Then it runs a decomp/recomp process that updates the app at the binary machine code level so that it looks and feels like a modern app without any translation layers or weird bugs. No more user complaints about Windows having an inconsistent GUI.
At one tine, Slackware Linux would not recompile binaries unless the program was patched. So there was a time you could find rather old binaries on Slackware, and maybe still on other distros.
I wonder what the oldest unchanged source/program running on Linux or BSD ? My vote goes to cat(1) :)
One crucial part of my role as my family's de facto IT support was making sure my mom's FreeCell score record (which was just a Windows registry value) made it from each computer to the next across countless upgrades. She hated the new version that came out somewhere along the way because the card decks changed. (Windows 7? Windows 10? I switched to Linux full time in the XP era so my memory is a little fuzzy.) So I made sure to keep a backup of the Win32 version she was used to, and loaded it onto every machine she ever owned. It wasn't quite the 33 years of its lifetime, but probably close to 30.
Mom passed earlier this year, so the FreeCell score record won't ever increment again, but I still made a point to back it up one last time when going through her desktop this summer.
Sorry for the loss, are you able to keep her high score saved too?
I wanted old school MS solitaire in windows 11 since the modern version has ads and extra useless features. I found that the Windows XP version works without hassle. Earlier versions aren't really different but I forget if I tried to run earlier versions. One quirk: however the winning animation is programmed, it takes almost 20 minutes to complete on a very wide monitor[1].
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78z2zlwV-XQ
If you want to scratch your old-school solitaire itch, check out https://freesolitaire.win
it was fun until the end which was a temu ad. Before that there was an emoji that said end automatically, which was no fun. and then there was no cool card shuffling at the end.
Don't visit the link, unless you like feeling let down.
> are you able to keep her high score saved too?
The score is a value stored in the Windows registry, the poster probably re-created (or imported from a previous export) the registry entry upon each Windows installation.
I’m still installing the classic (Windows 7) calculator [0] on each new Windows setup.
[0] https://win7games.com/#calc
My condolences. Such a nice way to honor her memory with one more backup.
I’m sorry for your loss. That is a wonderful story.
Thank you for sharing this. It was heartwarming to read!
She was right, the modern freecell sucks
<3
I'm so sorry for your loss, but now you have to tell us her high score!
I deplore the day we lost the menu bar and replaced it with "mobile first" designs. The desktop UI was perfected around the time of Windows 95 and has gotten worse with every iteration since then. That, and the increased reliance on non-native frameworks and libraries instead of working with directly with the Windows API in C.
Android used to have a dedicated menu key that would always bring up a menu. It was removed to chase Apple's 100% screen design.
Long-press and the ••• menu in the overflow is a far superior UI paradigm than having a purpose built menu button.
90% of the time, even in Android that was pre-Honeycomb, the menu ended up just showing what would have been in the overflow anyways.
Android really did end up doing a lot better on the UX side that iOS with the contextual action bar and long-press to select. The idea of selection mode on iOS is still a weird process, and it's been mostly worked around since with higher PPI screens and touch sensors, instead doing a small area to "select" items on iOS
For me, long-press is one of the most infuriating UX features of mobile. Probably the top on the offenders list for me is the copy-paste with the handles (which of course relies on long-press to trigger).
Hard buttons beat soft buttons for UX any time. You can use them with a glove, you can feel where the are located and you don't accidentally click because your finger was close enough for the capacitive touch sensor to trigger.
God, I hate copy/paste on android. tbh, I hate the whole 'gestures' thing where there never seems to be an actual 'instruction sheet' of what gestures are available. I wish they would make new apps provide a 'manifest' of gestures they support so your phone could have an up to date list based on which apps you have installed.
I’ve replaced the android headunit with a buttons and segmented display one (kenwood) because it was just horrendous. Now, it’s easy to switch sources, skip back and forth, and adjust volume with minimal looking. Tactical feedback and location memory is great UX.
IMO, the old Android menu button wasn't great UX. It ended up just being a miscellaneous laundry list of random functions, and the users would just need to learn "spam the menu button randomly on every screen just in case the needed action is hiding in there."
Just got nostalgic about the 4 hardware buttons on my Sony Xperia Play: back-home-context(option)-search.
Still the best navigable phone I had when coupled with the Nova Launcher gestures.
And the world has been improved for it ever since. What a waste of screen real-estate these buttons were...
I am fairly bothered about that but the one that really gets to me is the inconsistency of user interfaces across applications.
This precisely coincides with the web developers being allowed to wrap stuff into "apps" in Electron and the like.
It's been that way forever, did you forget about the Borland buttons? Colorful icons on them, much bigger, different shading.
They had a different look, but usage and UI conventions including keyboard navigation worked basically the same. Since the mixing of mobile and desktop with web technology, it’s the Wild West.
But they were not too far removed from how the standard Windows buttons looked. Office had its own look in a lot of ways back then, e.g. with the extra handles on the toolbars.
Now, if I take a couple of current applications, the differences are much bigger: from the top of my head, Explorer, Settings, Edge, Office, Steam, Spotify all have much more unique UIs.
There was a short period of time around Windows 95-XP where application developers really wanted to try to use the "latest and greatest" because if they didn't they really stood out as being "last year's tech".
Then XP kind of broke that as so many started not bothering and then it all went sideways.
So do I, but I don't think I'd blame mobile-first designs, and instead place the blame on Microsoft sucking at making decisions, sucking at design, and sucking at mobile. Every bad Windows UI has, imo, been the result of trying to be cool and likeable by dying their hair a different colour to get some attention and getting ahead of or catching up with Apple who was playing a different game the whole time.
Apple meanwhile has made some notable mistakes, but when they do, it's usually a thorough bad bet that's just missed the mark, but if they do, it's all throughout their OS in every corner. Even with their recent Liquid glass blunder, they're not really putting a veneer that looks like wood over a rotting corpse of a house, they're just picking bad materials to update an otherwise decent layout. Microsoft's whole track consumer UI/product record imo is trying and failing to bet small but intrusively on ideas that don't work, aren't cool, and have no longevity. You see it as soon as you open the control panel that still looks like the 90s; it's this uncomfortable amalgam of failed tepid temporary marketing pitches by some department that make no sense
Windows 95 was the last release that had serious user testing in controlled environments. (They were also cribbing lots of notes from NeXT, which helped.)
Something fundamentally switched around 1998-2002 in how interface design was viewed and approached. I started my career in software as a design summer intern at a company that made a Windows “groupware” application in 1997. They took pride in following the platform’s guidelines and actually testing their designs with real users being videotaped trying to use it. The company’s UI design department was tiny, but employed both an industrial designer and a cognitive scientist.
Five years later, everybody I met in UI design was a graphic designer who was drawing glossy website mockups in Photoshop. The elder lore of science-based UI design was completely lost when Web 2.0 happened and app designs became vibes-based. Even Apple couldn’t resist the tide. (Indeed Steve Jobs’s return to Apple in 1997 was a major contributor because he had developed a taste for user-hostile skeuomorphism like the brushed metal QuickTime Player.)
I don't think that's true.
I was at Microsoft when they user-tested Windows 7 to death. Including installing eye tracking software during sessions so you could monitor where the user was looking at on the screen.
That data was in part used to justify the changes made in 8: "Users only click on the start menu 0.1% of the time and when they do they focus on a narrow portion of the screen."
A couple of the UX people who worked on Win8 told me that some of the UX study results were faked to give the desired results that justified the new Win8 design changes.
Def the sort of stories you hear at at a bar after work.
Skeumorphism is the opposite of user hostile. Flat design. Now THAT is user hostile.
You’re not wrong that they aren’t directly correlated. I can see the argument though that making Notes look exactly like a yellow legal pad was not an automatic gain for usability compared to say, wordpad.exe with its super simple toolbar that showed you every option.
I think a fair take is that going full skeuomorphic may take some options off the table for you because they would conflict too much with the metaphor you’re leaning hard into.
I’m still 100% Team Forstall though, considering the massive violence that ios7 and its copycats have wrought on usability.
Some skeuomorphism is user-friendly, like buttons that animate like they're clicked when pressed down. Other skeuomorphism was user-hostile, like the various mouse-only interfaces where everything had to be dragged around to work.
Skeumorphism where "things look like real things" can be fine. Complete skeumorphism where "things act like real things" is user hostile.
The poster boy for that is the old QuickTime Player, which had a volume wheel and a drawer for shortcuts. https://www.johnforde.com/teaching/shame/qtime.htm
The war on scroll bars has gotten pretty senseless.
Always-on-screen scrollbars were useless. Now they appear only when needed.
Scroll bars have always been both control (press here to move around) and indicator (how much of this document is there, and how far through it am I?).
Always-on-screen scrollbars are only useless if you think that indication is useless. Many people find it quite valuable.
Correct, but you don't need the full thick scrollbar for the indicator function, some apps use a much smaller dot/guide
I think elements like scrollbars remaining visible serve a useful purpose of their own. I don't just mean scrollbars in this case depicting the location in the scroll, either, but instead offering a fully predictable interface that looks the same and doesn't depend on state. Elements like scrollbars only appearing when needed- expanding when you hover near them, for example, removes some of the predictability of the interface. If you have elements all over a UI that only appear "when needed" it starts to become a bit of a circus show, IMO; ribbons or toolbars or menus that only appear when you press alt or hover near the top of a window; scrollbars that only appear when you either scroll or move the mouse near the scroll elevator area, etc. It's some of the same push that has removed titlebars from desktop UI. Programs like Chrome spearheaded effectively taking over that area, because it's a "waste of screen space", But it's not, that screen space was used for a predictable, known UI element that used to be fully expected on all desktop UI Window elements. It's sort of like how we have with writing a predictable convention of words on a page to have margins on the left and right. If that followed the way UX has gone we'd have dismissed page margins as "wasted space" and all text would have 0" margins and run all the way to the edges of the page and we'd pat ourselves on the back for "using page real estate" more effectively.
No they don't, they appear every time you scroll even if you never use the bar. And flashing of ui elements is in many cases worse than wasting that space permanently.
It's a tragedy decades of UI research/design can't get any of the fundamental design elements right
I restored them and made them fat again in FireFox. It was getting too thin and hard to find
They are handy on a tablet. At the same time they are not since dynamic content might be loaded so the true size of the page is not shown to me by the scroll bar.
And fuck anyone that likes fullscreen programs and uses multiple monitors.
I hate when magically appearing scrollbars cause the screen to redraw - I especially hate it when the content needs a scrollbar if NOT present, so it appears, which makes the content reflow so it doesn't need it, and it keeps swapping back and forth.
Good times.
There has been a bug in Apple's Quicklook on macOS for as long as I can remember, where the right side of a document is slightly cropped when Always Show Scrollbars is enabled. It appears to expect that the scroll bars should only appear intermittently and renders over the content.
Very frustrating when one is scanning documents and photos, and verifying them through Finder shows phantom cropping.
I personally like the scroll bars to always be visible as they serve as both an indicator and a control.
It's really annoying that you need to click on something that the scrollbar covers up or steals focus from.
Schrödinger's button - you go to click it, a scroll bar appears, the button moves. You go to the new button location, the scroll bar disappears, the button returns.
The Desktop GUI was perfected with NeXTStep in 1990. Though some might say Smalltalk in 1984 (modulo some nice artwork and colours).
We could even have unified desktop.mobile codebases, with different GUI layouts. 280 North's objective-J/Cappuccino proved this.
IDK what we're even doing anymore.
The early Mac made huge functional improvements over the Smalltalk GUI, improvements still used today.
> IDK what we're even doing anymore.
I would say people are just disagreeing with you that the situation is actually so black and white.
Although I started with 98, I think Vista / 7 was the peak. It was user friendly enough for newbies but didn't sacrifice advanced controls. Just organized them better to bring focus to the more used parts.
In terms of aesthetic, I love Windows 7-era Aero glass design (and to a lesser extent, Vista), but I also love the classic Windows 9x/2000 look. If I had to choose between the two, I'd go with Aero simply because of the start menu search bar.
In both Windows 7 and Vista you could change the theme engine to Windows Classic, which gave you the Windows 9x/2000 look AND the start menu search bar.
Exactly. Windows 7 plus the windows 2000 "classic" option was pretty awesome.
Win10 LTSC with the right options and limiting search to local only is pretty good also though. Insanely snappy on even crap systems (with really any SSD)
Maybe on the OS side. However, Vista coincided with the release of Office 2007. That release of Office introduced the dreaded Ribbon, which made functions much harder to find.
I actually like Ribbon and I disagree. It made functions easier to find, for people who didn't have a muscle memory of those functions. It actually taught them how to use the program and exposed conditional menus like picture options better than the toolbars that appear and disappear.
Of course people who got used to traversing 3-level menus got annoyed but they still have all the same keyboard shortcuts. However, spending enough time, you also get used to Ribbon and it usually requires fewer clicks not more.
I still find a tastefully done Ribbon is better than a menu and a toolbar combination. The problem is, not everybody has put the same effort that Microsoft did which created monstrosities like Solidworks Ribbon.
I loved Windows Aero and the flip 3D view - the latter mostly because it looked so cool for that time!
Oh you mean "ripping off compiz"?
I just learned that X Window System came out a year before the first Windows release. Interesting. Thanks for pointing out the compiz ripoff. It spurred me to look up the original release dates.
... which is "ripping off OSX". But you don't want to hear that, do you?
UX being copied by OSes from each other is a good thing.
Lol. Check when linux had multiple desktops and when osx had them.
If you're a tachyon I guess linux is ripping off osx :)
I used the Zune theme for windows XP which I really liked. I dreaded Vista because it was just a resource eater with all the effects turned on.
https://www.softpedia.com/get/Desktop-Enhancements/Themes/Mi...
The zune theme is great, now on my XP machines i use a mod of the MCE theme called Royale Noir which is my absolute favorite.
https://images.sftcdn.net/images/t_optimized,f_auto/p/5c889a...
> we lost the menu bar and replaced it with "mobile first" designs
What does this mean? I use lots of apps that still have a menu bar.
Some apps eschew it, like browsers, but not because they are “mobile first”, but because they are trying to maximize screen space.
> Some apps eschew it, like browsers, but not because they are “mobile first”, but because they are trying to maximize screen space.
I don't think this is true. If anything, we see more oversized buttons and empty space nowadays. It's as if developers forgot that PC users have keyboards and mice. Remember, display resolutions and monitors were a lot smaller back then, and making space count was arguably more important 20 years ago than it is today.
Smaller screen also means your menu bar has to be larger relative to the total screen size to be readable though. Assuming something like the standard going from 15" or 17" CRT to 24" LCD
Two things can both be true. An app can create more space around controls and get rid of the menu bar to save space.
The space also really has nothing to do with “mobile first”. It’s for touch screens (and also modern aesthetic that avoids crowded controls).
To be clear, I am not saying that all apps are optimizing for saving screen space. I was specifically talking about browsers, which are broadly optimized to give as much area as possible to the content.
You’re getting closer… “crowded” and “cluttered” are the most taboo words in the “UX” charlatans’ holy book. It’s so scary to them that they’ll sacrifice anything to avoid even a possible accusation of “crowdedness.”
It was a mildly useful point of view when they were designing things meant to be the first computer program someone might ever use. Like Microsoft Bob or Apple “At Ease.” But it’s idiotic to have things following that dogma as the only interface to tools that people need to use daily and will become expert users of.
To think some of us nerds complained about the Luna theme of XP as too “Fisher Price.” Fisher Price products look like industrial control panels compared to today’s contemporary operating systems and apps.
I loathe mobile first design, seems to me it's "mobile matters, on other devices just deal with it.".
The Wells Fargo website screams this for me - it used to be dense and packed with info, now it's got large elements and wasted space.
> but because they are trying to maximize screen space
If that was the case they wouldn't put giant margins around every UI element and dead space everywhere.
My browser doesn’t have a bunch of dead space. No footer. One line for controls. Tabs have been collapsed into the title bar.
> they are trying to maximize screen space.
Ironic to say on hackernews which shows massive whitespace in the margins-- and if I try to widen my tab sidebar it actually indents the margin rather than eating into it.
One can look across the computing space as a whole and see that, it is surely not the case that we're "maximizing screen space".
Totally agree. But this does not take away from his point that maximizing screen space is the motivation in Firefox. In fact, all you have done is demonstrate why they are driven to do so.
Maximized screen space doesn't really benefit this site.
The key element missing from this thread is that the Internet going from a text based to a multi-media (and increasingly video-centric) experience.
A lot of Internet users, at this point, do as much reading on their phone or laptop as I do reading on my TV (almost none).
You think Hacker News’ design is new? It’s looked exactly the same since I started using it over a decade ago.
> I use lots
Oh really? I, sadly, use nearly none. Open on my desktop right now: Slack, Outlook, Zoom, Windows Terminal, Edge, Claude, Obsidian, whatever the Windows image viewer is called, Cursor, and VS Code.
Only the last 2 have menu bars. And I can’t be certain that I didn’t dig through the preferences of one or both of them when I first installed them to tell them to knock off the bullshit and give me back the menus. Once in a while, there is an option buried somewhere like that.
In fairness I did not do a full inventory of all the apps I use. I see Word and VS Code. It may be less than I thought if I inventoried every app I regularly use.
I see some have gone the “browser” direction with tabs folded into the title bar and the menu bar dropped. Windows Terminal, File Explorer, and Notepad are all that style now.
Edit: Actually Notepad has the tabs in the titlebar thing but retained the menu bar and folded it into the command bar.
I personally am pretty disgusted by ‘tabs in the title bar’ since really what that means is deleting the title bar. You can’t grab and move the freaking window because most of it is made out of a bunch of tabs or other widgets. I presume this is done because somebody’s research found that many people just do everything in maximized windows or the Apple “full screen mode.” As long as you don’t mind sacrificing the people who do use window managers to manage windows, likely the most sophisticated users, this seems like a great move. But I would argue it’s still stupid because I have plenty of screen real estate. Being able to read one additional line of text in my browser window or Slack conversation does literally nothing for me.
It’s a tradeoff. I spend most of my time on a laptop screen (even when using an external monitor, the external is my secondary screen) and appreciate the reduction in screen waste. I don’t need or want a huge click area just for moving the window.
Speaking of screen waste, I think 4:3 is way better than 16:9, especially for laptop screens.
My favorite is 3:2 for laptops. 4:3 is a bit tall (screen is fine, but it makes the base much deeper as well). 16:9 is kind of crappy, especially if it’s a smaller screen.
I love it. I can grab either end of the title bar just fine. I don't need to waste the entire middle. And if I have multiple windows I'm sacrificing more like 3 lines and it does start to matter.
Working directly with C API in Windows has not been a thing since Vista, as COM took the main role for API delivery.
The Windows SDK samples like Hilo make use of C++ with COM.
How can it be related to perfection to permanently waste a strip of space you rarely (and in some apps never) use?
Wasn't that Windows 8 ?
Windows95 still had failures of UI design, and those weren't fixed until XP.
The Menu + quick access bar was good for developers but terrible for users, at least compared to the ribbon.
Ribbon is absolutely an improvement for users but is more work for the XML layout and learning how to organize it.
I'm rather convinced that Ribbon is still the best way to organize quick actions, show their shortcuts (Alt to see keyboard shortcuts), and also have enough text to describe all the buttons. But it'd be nice if it were easier to make good Ribbons.
Menu was braindead easy, albeit through ancient process of .rc files and whatnot
The alternative to ribbon is not menu+ quick access, it was easily customizable toolbars where you can simply drag and drop only the buttons you need in the toolbars you need at a fraction of screen space that the ribbon wastes. And no user is ever exposed to that XML garbage only a dev could love
Menubars/toolbars were not n00b-friendly but great for anyone that used a computer for technical reasons.
Old Photoshop, any CAD software, Excel. Smaller buttons and more of them is a steeper learning curve but results in far superior day-to-day usability. You can still hold down [Alt] and see hotkeys, that wasn't unique to the Ribbon UI.
it's all very much an example of the "Look at what they need to mimic a fraction of our power" meme.
I'm just not sure why it has to be one or the other. Look at NeXTStep. They had a menu bar (or I guess a menu panel) and a ribbon, although that term didn't exist yet, and it was definitely not 100% there yet.
I think it's the other way around. Well organised menus can help users discover what functions are available at quick glance without having to hover each icons with the mouse to know what they do. For power users, the ribbons mean you can click directly on the function you need without having to click through menus and sub-menus.
Menus from Win95 are uniform. All buttons took up one row and a full width of the submenu. (Even if you don't have a shortcut key assigned, the space is taken up and wasted)
It's well acknowledged that modern designers and users benefit from large vs small, and other varying styles of organization.
Menus only had top menus vs submenu vs sub-sub-menu (and so forth). Yes a good menu is useful but...
A ribbon offers many more tradeoffs. It's harder to design a good ribbon, but the best ribbons are always better than even the best menu. The important features will be physically larger with more text and space. The less important or niche features might just be an icon with tooltip, possibly hidden behind a subcategory of the ribbon.
In theory, you can use the modern Ribbon to make old school menus. But why bother? If you made the switch to that XML design language, you might as well take all the benefits of the Ribbon
Or hell, if you like old school menus, you can still make them today. Those .RC editors still work in modern Windows 11. But give it a shot and you'll see how restrictive and bulky old school menus are in practice.
> The desktop UI was perfected around the time of Windows 95
There’s no need to be hyperbolic or blinded by nostalgia. Yes, user interfaces have suffered several setbacks in the years since, but even if we concede every change was for the worse (they weren’t) it was by no means “perfected” and there was still plenty of area for improvement.
> The desktop UI was perfected around the time of Windows 95 and has gotten worse with every iteration since then.
Well that can't be entirely true, the desktop experience on Windows 10 improved on Windows 8 by leaps and bounds.
> Well that can't be entirely true, the desktop experience on Windows 10 improved on Windows 8 by leaps and bounds.
In large part, windows 10's ui is more like that of windows 95 because it undid the changes away from the windows 95 paradigm that windows 8 did. Furthermore, those changes away from windows 95 in windows 8 were the exact kind of thing that might be called "mobile first".
Haha, yes. It does not account for releases which made UX dramatically worse (win 8) which were then reverted to some extent.
Only because Windows 8 was such a dramatic step back. Windows 7 is still better than Windows 10 in terms of UI.
Not until they settle on one control panel.
I can't tell if this is sarcasm. Windows 8 is a very low bar in terms of desktop UI. It was universally panned as a regression.
Are you nuts? Or wait.. you must be Gen Z then, never really used Win95.. If so, you cant make any statements in the subject.
I still run Windows Classic GUI here, because its fast and confortable to use. Can you do better? Hmm, maybe. But im not conviced :)
>Are you nuts? Or wait.. you must be Gen Z then, never really used Win95.. If so, you cant make any statements in the subject.
What a terrible attitude to have as a comment reply. I've been using Windows since Windows 95, meaning I have plenty of experience and some emotional attachment to it and I'm as millenial with knee pain as they get, so not Gen-Z, and I can't imagine going back to using W95 today productively in a non-ironic way.
Windows 95 was perfect ... for what people did on computers back in 1995, not for what I do now in 2026 on the HW of today. May W95 rest in peace, but I'll take my modern OS for my moderns entertainment and productivity tasks on modern HW. There's no way in hell I'd want to go back to W95 even if that's what popped my cherry. People calming otherwise have rose tinted glasses and only remember the good parts of that era without the downsides.
Can you tell me more? What are you doing that good old classic windows would be barely usable? Im really curious, because I was using corporate Win10 and hell, it was really driving me crazy. Good that there is Cygwin, so I could move most stuff there. Classic Windows just works, and if you care, you can even customize it.
>Can you tell me more? What are you doing that good old classic windows would be barely usable?
In modern WIndows, from 7 onward, I can hit the meta key and type the first letters of the app I want to open, hit enter and boom, it's opened. I can mouse snap the two app windows side by side on my large monitor. I have 125% scaling so things don't look tiny on my 4k monitor.
Win 95 had none of that, the only way to launch an app was via shortcuts on the desktop or navigating a long and tedious star menu tree, which was perfectly fine for 1995 since you had ~10 app on your PC and you used it sparingly, but is really shit UX if your PC has 50+ apps like in 2026 and you use it for half a day. "Classic windows" only makes sense if you also use your PC in a classic way like it's the 90's, with like 1-2 concurrent apps opened at once, instead of 10+ leaving them on for days/weeks.
>Good that there is Cygwin, so I could move most stuff there.
Cygwin is CLI, not UI, which is what we were talking about. Are your complaints about the Windows CLI or about UI, because those are different topics you seem to mix up?
>Classic Windows just works, and if you care, you can even customize it.
I can also customize modern Windows, at least in the ways I need it to be productive. Sure, you can't customize it anymore in the W95 way, such as having a Matrix screensaver or Rollercoaster Tycoon theme on it, but I don't need that anymore since I'm old now and don't have time for that anymore. If I want a short hit of nostalgia I boot up my vintage Windows XP machine, but that's not my daily driver.
>Im really curious, because I was using corporate Win10 and hell, it was really driving me crazy.
If Win10 was driving you crazy, then "classic windows" would also drive you crazy even harder because it doesn't have any QoL over Win10. Please explain yourself here what you mean since you seem to be contradicting yourself. Or are you only talking about your limited corporate windows experience and and not what you can do as an admin on "home" windows?
> In modern WIndows, from 7 onward, I can hit the meta key and type the first letters of the app I want to open, hit enter and boom, it's opened.
I mean in theory I can also do that on my Win 11 machine... In practice if I actually performed those exact steps I will probably have edge open up with a web search of the letters I typed.
The amount of times I actually have to use the now even less user friendly way of finding an app in the start menu regardless is infuriating, give me both, a star menu that is deterministic and a search that works...
Just because I want the older stuff does not mean I have to give up some of the newer stuff.
> In practice if I actually performed those exact steps I will probably have edge open up with a web search of the letters I typed.
Not for me since I disabled web search feature of the start menu, but I get what you mean. I still prefer this option than being limited by the Win95 way. I always have 10+ apps opened at once. Having to manually launch them via the menu tree every time I boot up my OS would be a nightmare. This wasn't an issue in Win95 because I only had 16mb of RAM so I only launched one or two apps simultaneously, like for example MS Word for a school project and Winamp for listening to music while working and that's it. The kind of multitasking people do today without even thinking (50+ Chrome tabs, IDEs, Discord, Signal, Spotify, Steam, WSL, Plex, etc) was unheard of in Win95.
>Just because I want the older stuff
Yes, but you failed to explain exactly what "old stuff" UI did Win95 had that you don't have today and really need? You can still launch apps via the desktop shortcuts or the tedious start-menu tree view in Modern Windows as well like it's 1995, if that's what you miss from Win95, nobody forces you to use the broken search feature you dislike of modern windows.
not sure if "can't say that X is the best if you haven't personally lived through every previous iteration" is an already established logical fallacy, but damn does it fall apart quickly.
I think they were referring to the latter part (downhill ever since) and not the former (win 95 is the best).
How are you running the classic GUI?
Im still running Win2003 here, hence classic GUI (Win2000 like). Works like a charm :) I do some hacking (programing, reverse engineering) and playing games (old of course) on it.
Typical insulting boomer reply. Personal attacks, against the rules, and nothing useful added to the discussion. And the guy you insulted isn't even Gen Z...
95 feels kinda backwards tbh but 98SE/2000 is outrageously modern. A lot of the windows admin tools are unchanged from 2000 apart from the icons. I really think if you could run a modern browser on 2000 it could be a daily driver for most people
As computers, and smartphones got more popular, the audience got larger and the use scenarios got more and more distant from professional use. Dedicated professionals, like software engineers and stock brokers still prefer CLI and Bloomberg terminal even today. Ordinary office workers late 90s and early 00s window-based interfaces (the ones you're talking about). But smartphone users who just want to play their free games and scroll through facebook actually prefer the mobile-first UIs.
If you see this UI transition through the same lense as CLI-GUI one, a lot of things become more clear, in my opinion.
I agree with you generally but I don't think desktop UI is remotely close to perfected. Unless you mean the desktop as a skeumorphic concept than maybe.
I think we've actually completely stagnate on the human interaction side of OSes and only emacs has made any progress and then only for those willing to put the work in, not as a vanilla user ui.
i agree. i love the 120hz responsiveness of the UI. how fast the app loads, the buttons click. No lazy loading , placeholders, layout re-renders. Open the task manager: half a meg ram used.
Insanely great performance.
I just resurrected a 90s kids CD-ROM game that shipped for Windows 3.1 - https://github.com/matthewbloch/orlys-draw-a-story-fixes
The finished patch DLL ended up being a tour of the stuff that broke.
The game did launch on Windows 11 but the main issue was that the 8-bit pre-DirectDraw behaviour was broken - for 256 colour screens, Windows 11 resolvesld palette indices only once, but the game relies on being able to change the palette for fades etc. Most of the screeen ended up black, but you could see the animated parts just fine.
So most of fix ended up being to hook every draw call and implement a virtual GDI that acted like a graphics card of the day.
There was a 32-bit disc space check that overflowed, a couple of use-after-free crashes and some racey threading calls that can't have been tested on a machine with 2 CPUs.
Backwards compatibility from Microsoft was almost all there, and probably would have kept Orly running for a couple of subsequent Windows releases. But it relies on a developer meeting them half-way, it's not an emulation layer.
Makes me wonder if forking Wine to have a "Legacy Windows" compatibility layer... for... modern windows would be worth half a damn.
wine has more backwards compatibility options than Windows itself, but in this project also triggered some different buggy code paths in the original (see cousin comment).
So this game still needed its bugs fixing to run in a modernised Windows, or it would have been stuck in a hardware emulator running Windows 95.
Your project's readme suggests that you tested on Proton. How poorly does the unmodified game run in Proton and/or Wine when you limit it to a single CPU? Very? Somewhat?
Don't know actually!
But after it was working on Windows, I tried it on Crossover and found that MacOS doesn't allow you to pin to one CPU. So it needed a racey scheduler rewriting.
There was also a difference in the way wine provides printer drivers that caused a buggy code path to run in the game, which caused a crash on the Steam Deck too.
So those bugs would have been critical even if the display implementation had worked.
The patch also adds an OpenGL window & scaling filter as the game's primary output, so it doesn't rely on GDI for pixel output any more.
I like that we are amazed by this. And yet all of my books from 34 years ago open up just fine (without cheating, no book opening emulator required!). I can even open a book on my shelf from 1896 without emulation. Not trying to troll too hard but I do think it is shocking how accustomed we've gotten to zero backwards compatibility in the world of software.
I think the point made here is that the application runs as if it were a modern application, even though the OS is completely unrecognizable when compared to the OS it was written for. There are other ways to run old applications on modern hardware with modern OSs, which the author would consider cheating for the purpose of TFA. Heck, I can run ancient DOS and gaming console applications on my phone if I wanted to.
a better example would be whether you could put a train from 1845 on a modern track, or fire a musketball from an M16
I think the oldest cartridge that would still work in a modern firearm would be .22 Short, which is from 1857.[1] It was developed into .22 Long, which was developed into .22 Long Rifle, which new firearms are still chambered in today. It wouldn't cycle a semi-auto though. Another contender would be .38 Long Colt, which is from 1875 and will work in firearms chambered in .38 Special or .357 Magnum.
The main causes of incompatibility were the transition from ball-and-powder to rimfire cartridges, then the transition from rimfire to centerfire. It's surprising how little firearms have changed in the past century. 9mm Parabellum is 125 years old. The Browning short recoil action (used by most handguns today) is over a century old.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.22_short
If you live in a country or region where the gauge didn't change, you can put a 1845 train on a modern track just fine. If the gauge did change, you'll need a train from another country. Standard Gauge was first applied in 1825 after all.
Many militaries are still buying rifles that chamber a cartridge introduced in 1891 (7.62x54mmR). I'd argue a cartridge initially developed for a long bolt action rifle (Mosin-Nagant) that can now be fired out of a variant of a AK-patten select-fire bull-pup (Vepr) fits the analogy.
>whether you could put a train from 1845 on a modern track
you can do that, in fact I know that Austria still has a mid 19th century train in regular operation (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_alt_23)
if you're looking for commuter trains a lot of early 20th century ones still operate around the world.
I guess this is one of those proverbial “I had to create an account to comment” messages:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ
https://xkcd.com/1909/
It is amazing, though. Wintel is basically a Matryoshka doll (Russian nesting dolls), where each version contains all the previous versions. (Just look at how a PC boots up!)
The dedication to compatibility is commendable, and you don't really see it on the other OS's. On that note, this is one of my favorite articles:
Win32 is the only stable ABI on Linux
https://blog.hiler.eu/win32-the-only-stable-abi/
I think that's very funny. Speaking of which, EasyToon also runs in WINE, of course :)
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=50250809
Give it a few centuries of evolution and maybe we'll get there
I'm reminded of this amusing and brilliant post: https://blog.hiler.eu/win32-the-only-stable-abi/
> At the time of this post, that’s a 33 years and 8 months old application,
Pointing this out without a trigger warning is just rude ;-)
Some of us are older than we think, yo.
I helped develop a web app used by major drug companies in 2001 that's still in use as far as I can tell. Marvel at the Dreamweaver-enabled design: https://resultview.q2labsolutions.com/resultview/logon/logon...
:-) Nice.
The oldest web app code of my own that I still maintain/evolve turned 20 this year, so yours is older than mine. I think it's largely a Ship of Theseus at this point, though I did just remove some code the other day that was absolutely untouched since 2008.
Speaking of FreeCell, a couple weeks ago I was visiting my 95yr-old grandmother and noticed she still plays oldschool FreeCell, specifically a variant that's really hard to track down now called FreeCell Pro [https://cards.fandom.com/wiki/FreeCell_Pro]
It inspired a weekend project. I always liked that you could swap the card backs in OG FreeCell and play with different "themed" decks, so I vibecoded something a little more modern. I got carried away and added a roguelite mode too (yeah I know how "Roguelite FreeCell" sounds). Anyway, it's free to play on the web, no ads: [https://freecellworlds.com/]
Solitaire's Journey: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitaire%27s_Journey
Basically a 1992 rogue-lite where each room is a different solitaire game. eg: front parlor == clock solitaire, first bedroom == regular solitaire, upstairs is blocked by freecell, etc...
Screenshots: https://www.mobygames.com/game/1986/solitaires-journey/scree...
It's a fairly rich concept, you have a ton of different gameplay bound together by a very loose plot/quest mechanisms (eg: blue key == blue door ; boss == win 2 games of solitaire).
Definitely worth sharing if you've got some solitaire fans in your life!
Wow this is amazing! I love this bit from the Wikipedia article:
"In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Solitaire's Journey the 72nd-best computer game ever released."
The bar has moved up a tad I think :D
Is there a but or maybe I don't know the rules. Sometimes I can't put a long sequence J 10 9 8 7 ... on a Q
Yeah classic FreeCell only lets you move one card at a time. No stacks. A lot of FreeCell implementations have a QoL feature that let you move stacks if there's enough free cells or empty columns to allow the move.
Ah I see, I get it now.
Along these lines, I'm always amused with the videos (e.g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8CIhCTVyqQ) showing you can update a [virtual] device from Windows 3.1 to Windows 11.
In 2026 does it still make sense to build new Windows app using Win32 API? I was building a simple image viewer similar to QuickLook on Mac using Win32. I found it's very responsive. The code is less readable compared to React. For me Win32 is a good option if the UI state machine is simple enough.
I think the sweet spot is WPF or actaully its FOSS version: AvaloniaUI. It is high level enough to be cross-platform and not stupidly verbose, however it is rather light pn resources. However, Win32 still wins in absolute minimalism.
As someone who does raw Win32 API based UI... no. The Win32 UI system has been neglected for many years and is missing very basic functionality by modern standards, including dark mode support, antialiased rendering, hardware accelerated image stretching, and wide color gamut / HDR support. You're going to be working around a lot of ancient restrictions compared to a more modern UI and rendering layers on top of it.
While Win32 tends to deliver the most resource-efficient and responsive apps if the complexity is not high, I have settled on the latest .NET + C# + Windows App SDK / WinUI 3. Making an app look good and fit into the modern Windows look is extremely hard with Win32 C/C++ and writing and maintaining it requires energy that I'd rather spend elsewhere. Besides, modern frameworks are making great strides in speed, efficiency and QoL features. .NET 11 is full of optimizations, for example.
I've tried this and found the WinUI deployment model frustrating and user hostile. There are like 5 open issues on GitHub where people seem deeply confused (I'm one of them) as to if it's possible to build a plain .NET .exe. Some people have tried it and it "works", others try it and get obscure errors, it's a real mess.
yeah, it's still pretty good for a lot of things. I've found with AI it's now super easy to do native win32 apps really easily. It used to be doing all the plumbing was a PITA. There were wrappers to make it easier, but now you can do it directly. It means you get super performant, tiny binaries, that start instantly. Like windows should be. However, at home I've moved to linux a while back so way less useful to me now, though works fine with WINE. I still use it to make little utilities for work though.
Unless your name is Raymond Chen, you probably want to at least use ATL/MFC, which are frozen but still supported. Me, I'd take Qt any day, or wxWidgets if I wanted to go minimal.
Win32 API is great and responsive; ATL/WTL (and MFC) are still very useful abstractions with little cost. The biggest pain point is having to handle a lot of things manually, like DPI awareness (and themed controls). Even things like Emoji and other modern text features are not available through GDI and require DirectWrite iirc. Still, I'm surprised how useful it manages to be regardless how old it is.
When you say responsive, you mean like it reacts quickly, or it responds to screen size?
In web we refer to the latter but i feel you mean the former.
I built a toy project in .NET 2005[0] with WinForms and the experience was actually excellent, binding data to controls was dead simple, it felt surprisingly modern. But i can't imagine how I'd make the UI resizable lol
[0]https://github.com/queenkjuul/spotify97
Probably more responsive.
Windows apps always had to be able to respond to dynamically changing screen dimensions since the user could change from one screen resolution to another while an app was still running. Apps would get a WM_DISPLAYCHANGE message in their top-level windows message processing loop. Docs say WM_DISPLAYCHANGE was introduced in Win95.
I would say WinForms in C# is still the best today.
I wouldn't, because I do not think we should put up barriers in our application between OSs (Nor have to maintain separate UI code bases for each OS you think might use it). So I use cross-platform kits. There are compromises, but I don't care about the looks native qualification compared to works anywhere. Yes, the software looks like an EGUI app (etc. Substitute Qt), instead of Looks native, but I appreciate how I'm not setting up barriers between OSs or making extra work.
So instead you are creating a bad UI for all of your users. That’s very Java application (or perhaps Electron these days) of you, but seems like a poor trade-off to me.
Could you please clarify why you think cross-platform means bad UI?
These days, with LLM assisted development, with relatively simple GUIs, I would go towards platform native GUIs per platform. And then all the shared business logic goes in a shared "core", with the GUIs only serving as "dumb" inputs and outputs, with all business logic shared between them.
LLMs are quite good at tedious tasks such as keeping multiple GUIs in different languages in sync with each other.
You still need to test all of those separate GUIs though so it's still costing more.
You also generally don't want them to actually be in sync because there are actual UX differences between platforms that you need to align with to really be native. If you don't follow that then what's the point?
I couldn’t disagree more, when it comes to UIs. They should match the platform they are being used on. Cross-platform always produces a very sub-par experience. But us developers tend to care primarily about what makes development easiest for us.
What does this mean in practice for software you write? What OSes to you build it for, and what OS or GUI-specific conventions to you follow which don't apply to others?
edit: Link software you wrote's installation instructions.
You can just look at my profile and see some of it, or check out my website. I’ll have a new app to show soon, so stay tuned!
Not everyone has the resources to build five or six different UIs.
I think it’s better to do a good job once rather than five or six bad jobs, but we all have different priorities.
The way you worded this message could mean either a) people should focus on a single platform using native frameworks, or b) people should use a cross-platform framework instead of spreading themselves too thin. Maybe even both?
I also don't care how if things _look_ native, I care if the work like a native app. For example, on the rare occasions I touch Windows, I expect standard keyboard shortcuts to work. On macOS, I expect full integration with the accessibility frameworks and OS affordances like services.
A lowest common denominator idea of "everywhere" is just not that useful.
How do you handle this for your own software? Could you please link me to one of your project's websites and install instructions? What specifically do you find that one OS has that's mandatory for a good/native UIs that others don't?
I hear you on the native UI is better all things considered. I'm trying to figure out how that works in practice. I.e., to accompany a "cross-platform UIs are inferior to native ones", you would be effective to also include the workflows you use. In a realm where you choose options, eliminating one should come with illuminating another, as one must choose a path, and others could be eliminated for their drawbacks as well, leaving none available. What is your path here?
No - almost all of the software I work on is at least one of:
- proprietary,
- command line tooling,
- single-platform.
A good example of what I consider to be a great approach (not mine) is Ghostty, which has fully native UI per platform and a shared core between platforms. JetBrains tools also go out of their way to integrate with platform conventions everywhere.
An example that cross-platform toolkits usually get wrong: cursor navigation in text fields. Home and End do different things on different platforms, and on macOS, basic emacs/readline bindings are supposed to work in all text entry fields.
It’s worth noting that this extends beyond GUIs - command line tools written in Go tend to use “package flag” which is native nowhere. The standards between Windows (which has two, in cmd and powershell), GNU-style and “legacy” Unix style are just not reconcilable without implementing platform-specific behaviour.
I am having a blast with AI + C + WinAPI. The responsiveness of WinAPI is awesome
I mean, if I was building a windows app, I would. Microsoft always tries to convince people to stop using it, but Win32 keeps working.
If Microsoft ever makes something that actually meets all the needs that Win32 addresses, they'll probably build a compat layer and a) your win32 code will still work in compat mode, b) that new thing may be worth targeting.
I often think old GUIs have a nice, functional look to them. This one is no exception. I notice (what I assume is) the shuffle toggle looks unfamiliar. This is from way back before that UI became a convention! I see the repeat icon has stuck around. So interesting!
Microsoft (and Apple) poured a ton of money into usability research in the early 90s and it showed. I vaguely remember the story through how many versions of the trash icon Microsoft went for Windows 95 to get it right.
For me it was a bit sad to see the mad and creative UX world of the homecomputer era being bulldozed over with the minimalist uniform results of the scientific usability research.
Little did I know that a mere quarter century later we are back were we once started and everyone as clueless as we were in the 90s goes overboard everywhere as if there was no tomorrow.
Yeah, and it sadly makes me miss the nicely ordered and easily usable world - I'm gettin' old I guess.
Functionality isn't hidden and buttons looked like buttons (instead of the modern trend of having unstyled text or tiny icons having a 50-50 chance of being a button).
The flat design trend really confused me. It really took off when high resolution screens started getting popular too, really made no sense. Wish we'd bring back Skeuomorphic design. Bring back that wood grain and metal textures. Bring back the fun UI's and app themes. Bring back real buttons!
There are a couple versions of the Windows CD player here (along with other operating systems)
https://guidebookgallery.org/screenshots/cdplayer/
I always liked the look of the more complicated ones like this:
https://ctrl-alt-rees.com/2021-09-29-media-rack-download-win...
I remember having installed Win32s package to our Windows for Workgroups 3.11 machines at Osmangazi University in 1995. The idea was that Windows, as a 16-bit operating system, could run a subset of Win32 apps that were compatible with the Win32s API surface. However, the release of Windows 95 had almost immediately made it obsolete. I'm sure it was useful in certain scenarios, but our only win was Freecell. :)
> The idea was that Windows, as a 16-bit operating system, could run a subset of Win32 apps that were compatible with the Win32s API surface.
386 mode in Windows 2 (sold as Windows/386) and 3 was really a 32-bit operating system for 16-bit applications.
Win32s allowed some 32-bit apps to run on windows 3.1 and up. Including many versions of Internet Explorer (Microsoft also released ie as a 16-bit application, though).
> That is because, duh, my computer doesn’t have a CD-ROM drive. But you can use a small DLL (cdemu.dll) to emulate one with some fake audio data and actually get it to play audio
This makes me curious to know if CDPLAYER.EXE would still work (unmodified, without extra DLLs) with a real CD-ROM drive if you ran it on a Windows 11 machine with one installed.
Tried it. If I open it with a disc in, it shows the "No CDROM devices found" message. If I open it without a disc in, it shows the menu, then when I put in a disc in Windows shows a weird error: https://files.catbox.moe/6y3qpy.png
It acts generally weird (buy a £10 dvd drive from ebay and try it yourself if you want any more detail, useful thing to have anyway) and obviously I can't get it to play anything.
The RTM version gets a bit further, doesn't show that weird Explorer error, but I still can't get it to play anything and opening the playlist crashes it vs on the Beta version where it actually listed the tracks.
I suspect the cd player is trying to take control of the drive and fighting with Windows trying to be helpful, don't know if there's a way to turn it off.
I can't say for certain but recently having done some work on windows with CDROM drives, i strongly suspect it would. I bet you could mount a music CD BIN/CUE with ImgDrive and it would work... Shit i guess i have to go try it don't I
Edit: i meant ImgDrive as a suggestion for those without optical drives. I have several, I'll test em out
"Can you believe it... Reversi" reminded me of the Steve Ballmer ad for Windows 1.0: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgJS2tQPGKQ
EasyToon (from 1998, I believe, built for Windows 95) runs on Windows 11. One of my favorite pieces of software.
It's a thing for making little black and white animations. (With GIF export.)
It was popular in the early 2000s and there was a subculture around it on animation forums.
English version (hey, still online!):
https://www.superfundungeonrun.com/easytoon/
Original version (Japanese, w/ screenshots):
https://web.archive.org/web/20020111185602/http://www.radium...
There's also a forked version on a French website (also available in English) with some extra features. But I like to keep it simple :)
https://www.flat2d.com/easytoon.html
You don't even have to find old binaries. The ODBC manager is still shipped with Win11 and has Win3.0 / NT3.5 dialogs with 16-color icons.
Microsoft is known for making Windows run older programs. Apple not so much.
https://solitairealonetogether.com/
There's probably an old X11 app from the 1980s that could be executed through xwayland somewhere.
I can't even run a binary from one Linux distro to the other, let alone one from a random Unix from the 80s. If a rebuild from source is allowed (which would need to allow modifications to the build system) that's a completely different game.
Yesterday I built a binary in an Ubuntu 24.04 Podman container and tried to run it on my Debian Bookworm system:
Because I have glibc 2.36, you see.The other way around works fine, though, and you can avoid it by statically linking the binary when you build it.
I had to run a Linux binary compiled for Ubuntu 10.something a few years ago. I couldn't get the drivers to work properly in libvirt and getting the binary to run on modern Linux was practically impossible, even with 32 bit support installed.
The downside of dynamically linked binaries: every tool of medium complexity needs a close-enough version of a common library, and once those get upgraded, the tool dies.
Most statically compiled version should work with a compatible enough libc, but I haven't seen many old programs like that.
Wine, on the other hand, runs tools from the 90s just fine, as long as they're 32 bit.
Many programs are dynamically linked to at the very least, libc. If the system libc is older than what the binary was developed for, it will often fail. Failures going the other direction are less common, but can and do still happen. If the binary was statically linked with everything it needs, you've got a pretty good chance it'll work, but that's a bit harder to do with GUI programs that need to interact with X or Wayland.
It depends. I've found for example, if i compile on Ubuntu or Debian, it will probably work on any Ubuntu, Debian, or Debian-based distro released at or newer than the one I compiled it on. There are other cross-compatible examples.
More broadly, there are things like manylinux and MUSL which allow cross-distro applications.
Containers fix this.
As long as the container bundles the right libc, the program should work.
Just like Python venv, The system is too broken that it's the only real practical fix
I agree - the model I use for why containers (Docker etc) exist is to abstract over Linux ABI incompatibility. I don't think they're a great solution, as it complicates software distribution. I should be able to distribute an executable and have it just work.
Linux isn't the source of the incompatibility. The kernel itself is very strict about not breaking userspace. Your userspace is breaking compatibility on its own, containers fix it by shipping the userspace components within the container, which only works because the kernel maintained compatibility. If the kernel broke compatibility you would need to use a VM so you can run a different kernel version.
That's what win32 is for...
Hah well yes for Windows. This is a mercy, but my mindset is still "Works on Windows, Linux and Mac". (The last being dropped for anything that requires Cuda...)
Win32 is the stable ABI for Linux, too.
I've had static binaries on linux machines that worked across distributions for decades.
As an unmodified binary from the 1980s on current Linux/Unix? Highly unlikely.
From the article, the time to beat is November 16, 1992. This might be possible on one of the BSDs, as FreeBSD and NetBSD both document support for running a.out executables with the 4.3BSD ABI. I guess it would depend on whether anyone had ported X11 to run on a BSD on i386 before then. Alternatively, maybe you'd be able to get something running on SCO OpenServer (if you count that as a current OS, it IS still getting security patches). It documents support for XENIX x.out binaries ( https://www.scosales.com/ta/kb/126704.html ) so you might be able to run software compiled in the late 1980s for XENIX/386.
NetBSD has excellent binary compatible with 80s "unix", the problem is most (all?) of the 80s unix platforms it supports aren't x86.
Current NetBSD still has good support for running SunOS binaries, though, including graphical ones. I'm certain you could get a SunOS 4.x binary from pre-1992 to run on NetBSD/SPARC. I've no idea how far back you could potentially go on NetBSD/m68k -- probably quite a ways, especially if the binaries are statically linked. SunOS pre-1988 was all static linking!
(Running "real" 4.3BSD binaries might be hard -- I think NetBSD/VAX defaults to ULTRIX compat, which is an either/or thing versus strict Berkeley Unix compatibility. Same binary format, similar but incompatible syscalls/data structures.)
Just used xev today (bought new mouse few days ago and it wasn't responding in chrome so I wanted to be sure).
xwm from 1984 and twm from 1989 will still execute on Xorg today.
And if you want to run them on Wayland, Worg will do that for you. https://github.com/jmalcolm137/Worg
> And although using otvdm does feel like cheating, I thought it was cool enough to include in this post.
Honestly, if NTVDM was part of Windows then it seems fair to use it, even 3rd party clones.
Yeah I was kind of on the fence with this, but since the last version of Windows that shipped with NTVDM was Windows 10 32bit, and Windows 11 doesn't have a 32bit edition, I decided that using 3rd party tools would be cheating
I was aiming for something you could double click on vanilla Windows and would just work out of the box
Wrote a few small utilities in Win32 in the early 90s; still use them today unmodified, but most recently in WINE. I have some slightly older DOS utilities that are also quite usable.
Very nostalgic. I think UI today is too simplied, but I can't stop making kind of that, because many user are not a member of Hacker News.
Here I was thinking it would have been Kedit…
Does visual studio still package the Spy++ exe that looks like its from the early 90's
If you tried this on Linux desktops you wouldn't get far
That's a year before the first PowerPC Mac even shipped.
kudos to microsoft for enabling 40+ years of API support. Most companies are ending support after less than 10 years. some even a few years ( like those Nest thermostats getting killed )
Can you imagine the maze of a diagram that enables these old APIs to draw to the screen and render controls properly still?
> Sadly, Windows 11 can’t run 16-bit Windows programs by itself, because 64-bit Windows has no NTVDM, so we’re going to have to find something from the early NT era.
I remember a recent-ish post on here that really, I mean really, dived deep into this whole thing. It turns out that it was mostly a lack of willpower or maybe political that stopped Windows 64bit running 16 bit apps.
Somewhere in the kernel, with some obscure mechanism there is support for some kind of emulation that if implemented would allow it to run NTVDM and therefore these 16 bit apps.
The author of the post even had some kind of proof of concept of running a 16 bit DOS app directly under Windows 64 bit with this.
The details are blurry, but I believe that that had the Windows team really wanted to this emulation could have been built in and totally seamless.
I got the impression that this was actually a fairly new finding which is why I suppose no one has tried it.
https://felsqualle.com/posts/2022/12/16-bit-support-in-64-bi... is the full story.
but tl;dr is that ntvdm relied on the CPU running 16-bit code, so was naturally EOL on a 64-bit Windows, where that mode doesn't work.
winvdm adds it back via CPU emulation.
I remember the post I read being a black themed site but this is also interesting, thanks
Related: "Chain of Fools : Upgrading through every version of windows (HQ)" (2011), they upgrade Windows 1 through to Windows 7, and demonstrate Doom II and Monkey Island working still at the end. Would be interesting to extend it to Windows 11.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPnehDhGa14
I can tell that the person making the video never actually tried to run Doom on a real Windows 2000 or XP machine, otherwise they would have noticed that the game has absolutely no sound. Sound support for DOS games in Windows 2000+ was not built into the operating system. You needed to install a third party tool called "VDMSound" if you wanted sound blaster emulation for DOS games.
I'm imagining a future where Microsoft's Copilot pops up in the corner, Clippy style, and gives you a message like, "Hey, I noticed you're running an app that looks like it was developed when Windows Vista was new. Want me to freshen that up for you?" Then it runs a decomp/recomp process that updates the app at the binary machine code level so that it looks and feels like a modern app without any translation layers or weird bugs. No more user complaints about Windows having an inconsistent GUI.
Interesting.
At one tine, Slackware Linux would not recompile binaries unless the program was patched. So there was a time you could find rather old binaries on Slackware, and maybe still on other distros.
I wonder what the oldest unchanged source/program running on Linux or BSD ? My vote goes to cat(1) :)
FreeBSD /bin/cat has lots of recent changes of substance: https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src/commits/main/bin/cat/...
Otoh, /usr/bin/true has only minor changes since initial import (1994) https://github.com/freebsd/freebsd-src/commits/main/usr.bin/...
/usr/bin/false is similar